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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2017 Oct;18(2):S57–S63. doi: 10.1016/j.jisp.2016.11.001

Table 1.

Mean and SEM of TNF-α secretion from the unstimulated and LPS-stimulated PBMCs of DM and CLE patients and control subjects given treatment with HCQ, QC, combination QC + HCQ, and sham1

Treatment Mean SEM P-Value2 Treatment Mean SEM P-Value1
Sham (reference group) 2.08 0.62 — LPS (reference group) 6.73 0.45 —
HCQ 1.63 0.62 0.0523 LPS + HCQ 6.86 0.45 0.3577
QC 0.54 0.62 <0.00013 LPS + QC 5.70 0.45 <0.00013
QC + HCQ 0.51 0.62 <0.00013 LPS + QC + HCQ 5.54 0.45 <0.00013

Abbreviations: CLE, cutaneous lupus erythematosus; DM, dermatomyositis; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; QC, quinacrine; SEM, standard error of the mean; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.

1

The values have been natural log transformed to account for a right-skewed distribution of the raw original values, and units are in ln(pg/ml).

2

Comparison with the reference group.

3

P < 0.0001 for QC versus sham, QC + HCQ versus sham, LPS + QC versus LPS, and LPS + QC + HCQ versus LPS.