TABLE 1.

Sources of lead exposure.

Home Environment Sources	Other Sources
Interior or exterior paint, old putty, interior plaster, exterior decorative infrastructure (eg, ‘faux pewter’ fencing)	Folk remedies (examples include Ayurvedic medicines; Greta and Azarcon, Hispanic traditional medicines; Ghasard, an Indian folk medicine; ‘pay-loo-ah’; ‘litarigio’; ‘bali bali’; ‘Babaw-saw’, a Chinese herbal remedy; reuda; liga; coral; alkohl)
Household lead-laden dust	Foodstuffs: Some garden plants grown in contaminated soil (eg, leafy or root vegetables)
Soil	Herbs and dietary supplements: imported herbal products; dietary supplements (eg, calcium); imported spices (eg, turmeric); candy from Mexico (the ingredient ‘tamarind’ may contain lead)
Drinking water; household lead plumbing, standpipes, water mains, faucets, lead-soldered pipes	Cosmetics and religious powders (eg, ‘Swad’ brand Sindoor, a cosmetic product used in Hinduism); ‘Tiro’ eye cosmetic from Nigeria; ‘Kohl’ or ‘Surma’ eye cosmetics from Africa, Middle East or Asia); lead acetate hair dyes
Parental occupations ‘Take-Home’ Lead (examples include construction, renovation, and demolition work, lead-paint abatement, pipe fitting and plumbing, battery manufacturing, mining, ship building or other marine work, e-scrap recycling)	Hobbies (examples include hobbies involving soldering such as stained glass, making fishing lures, jewelry making, pottery glazes, some artists’ paints, fabricating bullets, lead solder, marksmanship at firing ranges, finishing sinkers)
Old ceramic, pewter, or antique cookware, old pots, pans, urns/ kettles, decorative pottery from Mexico; ceramics from China, or other imported cookware	Marine lead sources: marine paints, lead weights
Hazardous neighborhoods: homes located near lead-smelters, mining, nearby homes undergoing demolition, toxic waste sites, homes under bridges, homes near incinerators, battery recycling facilities	Moonshine alcoholic beverages
Secondary home environments: family daycare, grandparents’ homes, homes of other family members where children spend substantial time	Fishing sinkers, curtain weights, automobile wheel balancing weights, ammunition (including pellets), lead tools
Home renovations	Novelty jewelry, charms, medallions
Burning painted wood indoors	Some imported toys, crayons, pewter figurines
Antique cribs or furniture	Aviation gasoline (‘Avgas’ for small piston engine planes)

Data from American Academy of Pediatrics Council of Environmental Health, Pediatric Environmental Health, 3rd Edition.⁷⁶