Table 2.
Neonatal Echocardiographic Parameters
| Variable value | Lean (n=23) | Obese (n=24) | Obese + DM (n=28) | F ratio P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (bpm) | 155± 17 (118–186) | 160 ± 17 (133–196) | 158 ± 23 (117–226) | 0.72 |
| LV structure | ||||
| LVM (g) | 10.6 ± 3.0 (7.1–20.0) | 11.6 ± 3.4 (6.8–19.6) | 11.6 ± 2.8 (7.8–19.3) | 0.38 |
| LVMI | 46.3 ± 11.0 (31.0–80.1) | 50.9 ± 13.0 (34.9–78.4) | 49.5 ± 11.5 (33.5–80.3) | 0.42 |
| RWT (mm) | 0.30 ± 0.08 (0.18–0.47) | 0.36 ± 0.08 (0.18–0.54) | 0.35 ± 0.12 (0.17–0.72) | 0.14 |
| LV systolic function | ||||
| EF(%) | 64 ± 6 (52–71) | 64 ± 9 (51–81) | 64 ± 7 (56–80) | 0.92 |
| SF (%) | 34 ± 4 (28–43) | 38 ± 5 (30–47) | 36 ± 5 (28–45) | 0.06 |
| GLS (%) | −19.2 ± 1.5 (−15.7—21.0) | −18.0 ± 2.1 (−12.5—21.5) | −17.5 ± 1.9 (−15.0—20.2) * | 0.008 |
| GLSRs (1/sec) | −1.6 ± 0.2 (−1.1—2.1) | −1.6 ± 0.2 (−1.1—2.1) | −1.6 ± 0.3 (−1.2—2.0) | 0.77 |
| SLS Base (%) | −19.5 ± 3.0 (−9.5—23.2) | −16.7 ± 3.4 (−16.0—28.0)** | −17.9 ± 2.3 (−13.6—22.4) * | 0.01 |
| SLS Mid (%) | −19.2 ± 2.0 (−16.1—24.0) | −16.6 ± 3.0 (−8.9—21.4)** | −17.9 ± 2.9 (−9.2—22.4) * | 0.01 |
| SLS Apex (%) | −22.7 ± 2.2 (−16.8—26.3) | −21.6 ± 3.7 (−14.5—28.6) | −21.2 ± 3.3 (−12.9—25.7) | 0.23 |
| LV diastolic function | ||||
| GLSRe (1/sec) | 2.9 ± 0.6 (2.2, 4.5) | 2.7 ± 0.7 (1.7, 3.6) | 2.5 ± 0.6 (1.7, 3.5) | 0.11 |
| GLSRa (1/sec) | 2.2 ± 0.7 (0.6, 3.6) | 2.1 ± 0.7 (1.3, 3.6) | 1.9 ± 0.7 (0.4, 2.9) | 0.17 |
| RV structure | ||||
| RV length (mm) | 3.0 ± 0.2 (2.9, 3.3) | 2.9 ± 0.2 (2.7, 3.2) | 3.0 ± 0.2 (2.6, 3.4) | 0.19 |
| RV major (mm) | 1.8 ± 0.2 (1.5, 2.3) | 1.8 ± 0.1 (1.6, 2.3) | 1.9 ± 0.2 (1.6, 2.3) † | 0.04 |
| RV minor (mm) | 1.5 ± 0.1 (1.4, 1.9) | 1.5 ± 0.1 (1.3, 1.7) | 1.5 ± 0.1 (1.3, 1.7) | 0.31 |
| RV systolic function | ||||
| GLS (%) | −22.1 ± 2.3 (−18.2, −21.0) | −21.4 ± 3.5 (−13.8,−26.8) | −19.5 ± 3.9 (−7.8, −25.8) * | 0.03 |
| GLSRs (1/sec) | −2.0 ± 0.3 (−1.7, −2.6) | −2.0 ± 0.3 (−1.2, −2.9) | −1.9 ± 0.4 (−1.4, −2.9) | 0.29 |
| SLS Base (%) | −30.3 ± 5.3 (−18.7, −40.5) | −29.2 ± 7.1 (−16.4, −40.3) | −27.4 ± 8.0 (−11.2, −44.4) | 0.36 |
| SLS Mid (%) | −27.1 ± 4.6 (−16.1, −35.0) | −25.9 ± 7.1 (−1.9, −35.2) | −24.5 ± 7.7 (−3.2, −38.8) | 0.41 |
| SLS Apex (%) | −19.8 ± 6.0 (−9.6, −29.2) | −19.6 ± 6.3 (−6.3, −30.9) | −18.2 ± 6.5 (−5.3, −32.9) | 0.61 |
| RV diastolic function | ||||
| GLSRe (1/sec) | 3.1 ± 0.7 (2.2, 4.5) | 2.9 ± 0.8 (1.4, 4.5) | 2.4 ± 0.7 (1.1, 3.4) * † | 0.008 |
| GLSRa (1/sec) | 2.5 ± 0.9 (0.3, 3.8) | 2.1 ± 0.8 (0.3, 3.5) | 2.1 ± 0.8 (0.6, 3.5) | 0.12 |
| Septal structure | ||||
| SWT (mm) | 0.41 ± 0.06 (0.36–0.58) | 0.43 ± 0.06 (0.27–0.51) | 0.42 ± 0.06 (0.27–0.55) | 0.47 |
| Septal systolic function | ||||
| GLS (%) | −19.1 ± 1.2 (−16.5, −20.9) | −19.2 ± 2.7 (−18.9, −21.2) | −17.7 ± 2.4 (−13.2, −21.9) * † | 0.005 |
| GLSRs (1/sec) | −1.7 ± 0.2 (−1.3, −2.2) | −1.8 ± 0.3 (−1.3, −2.5) | −1.8 ± 0.4 (−1.2, −2.6) | 0.65 |
| SLS Apex (%) | −22.5 ± 1.9 (−19.1, −25.5) | −23.0 ± 6.3 (−6.3, −28.6) | −20.6 ± 2.9 (−11.0, −26.2) * † | 0.002 |
| SLS Mid (%) | −18.0 ± 1.6 (−15.3, −35.0) | −18.5 ± 1.5 (−15.2, −21.0) | −16.5 ± 2.6 (−8.1, −22.4) * † | 0.002 |
| Septal diastolic function | ||||
| GLSRe (1/sec) | 3.0 ± 0.4 (2.0, 3.7) | 2.8 ± 0.6 (1.6, 4.0) | 2.2 ± 0.4 (1.3, 3.6) *† | 0.004 |
| GLSRa (1/sec) | 2.7 ± 0.6 (0.9, 3.3) | 2.6 ± 0.5 (0.9, 3.6) | 2.6 ± 0.8 (0.8, 3.3) | 0.67 |
Values are mean ± SD. Range provided in parentheses.
Lean, infants born to women without obesity or diabetes; Obese, infants born to women with obesity but not diabetes; Obese + DM: infants born to women with obesity and diabetes,
HR, heart rate; bpm, beats per minute, LV, left ventricle; LVM, left ventricular mass measured by M-mode echocardiography; LVMI, left ventricular mass index;
EF, ejection fraction; SF, shortening fraction; RWT, relative wall thickness; SWT, septal wall thickness
GLS, global longitudinal strain; GLSRs, global longitudinal systolic strain rate; GLSRe, early global longitudinal diastolic strain rate;; GLSRa, late global longitudinal diastolic strain rate
p<0.05 OB + DM vs. Lean
p<0.05 OB vs. Lean
p<0.05 OB+DM vs. OB