Table 1.

Adapted Taxonomy for Idiographic and Nomothetic Integration

Element	Category	Definition*	Example
Structure	IDIO ➔ nomo	Sequential collection and analysis of data for idio and nomo use, beginning with idio use of data for the primary purpose of (IDIO) intra-unit comparison across contexts and time.	See text for example
	idio ➔ NOMO	Sequential collection and analysis of data for idio and nomo use, beginning with idio use of data for the primary purpose of (NOMO) inter-unit comparison to aggregate data for classification or prediction.	[57]
	nomo ➔ IDIO	Sequential collection and analysis of data for idio and nomo use, beginning with nomo use of data for the primary purpose of (IDIO) intra-unit comparison across contexts and time.	[58]
	NOMO ➔ idio	Sequential collection and analysis of data for idio and nomo use, beginning with nomo use of data for the primary purpose of (NOMO) inter-unit comparison to aggregate data for classification or prediction.	[34]
	idio + NOMO	Simultaneous collection and analysis of data for idio and nomo use, for the primary purpose of (NOMO) inter-unit comparison to aggregate data for classification or prediction.	[59]
	IDIO + nomo	Simultaneous collection and analysis of data for primary purpose of (IDIO) intra-unit comparison across contexts and time.	[60]
	NOMO + IDIO	Simultaneous collection and analysis of data for idio and nomo use, giving equal weight to both approaches	[61]
Function	Convergence	Using both idio and nomo approaches to answer the same question, either through comparison of results to see if they reach the same conclusion (triangulation) or by converting a data set from one use into another (e.g. data collected for idio purpose being used nomothetically or vice versa)	[60]
	Complementarity	Using each approach to answer a related question or series of questions for purposes of evaluation (e.g., using data for nomo use to answer individual idio questions or vice versa) or elaboration (e.g., using idio data to provide depth of understanding and nomo data to provide breadth of understanding)	Elaboration example: [59]
	Expansion	Using one approach to answer questions raised by the other (e.g., using dataset for idio use to explain results from data for nomo use)	[60]
	Development	Using one approach to answer questions that will enable use of the other to answer other questions (e.g., develop data collection measures, conceptual models or interventions)	See text for example
	Sampling	Using one approach to define or identify the participant sample for collection and analysis of data representing the other (e.g., selecting interview informants based on responses to survey questionnaire)	[58]

*Note. The overarching categories and the specific definitions for the taxonomy are directly from Palinkas et al. [55]. Minor adaptations were made to translate the quantitative/qualitative integration to the current idiographic/nomothetic integration. Process was omitted above because all data are quantitative and thus relatively easily integrated