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. 2017 Oct 17;7:13311. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13458-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Polyamine metabolism and interaction with other metabolic routes modified from Alcazar et al., 2010 and Imgarberdiev et al., 2011. Red names indicate polyamines, blue names indicate aminoacids, green names indicate the simplified haemoglobin cycle, grey abbreviations correspond to enzymes: NR, nitrate reductase; NIR: nitrite reductase; GlnS, glutamine synthetase; GluS: glutamate synthase; GluDC: glutamate decarboxylase; OAT: ornithine δ-aminotransferase; AR: Arginase; ODC: ornithine decarboxylase; ADC: arginine decarboxylase; MAT: synthetase, AdoMetDC: decarboxylase; SpmS spermine synthase, SpdS spermidine synthase; DAO: diamine oxidase: PAO: polyamine oxidase, ACS: ACC synthase; ACO: ACC oxidase. It has been shown recently that polyamine oxidase is not only involved in the terminal catabolism of polyamines, but also in the back-conversion of spermine to spermidine and spermidine to putrescine.