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. 2017 Oct 17;7:13367. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13570-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Clay nanoparticles are able to induce macrophage maturation and cytokine secretion in response to antigen stimulation. RAW 264.7 macrophages were stimulated just with clay nanoparticles (with final concentration at 10 μg/mL), commercial adjuvants (final concentration of Alum and QuilA at 10 μg/mL and 0.5 μg/mL respectively), PBS and LPS (with final concentration at 100 ng/mL). Then the surface expression of (a) MHC-II, (b) CD86 and (c) CD80 were examined by flow cytometry, while the secreted cytokines (d) TNF-α and (e) IL-6 in culture supernatants were assayed via ELISA. Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. (n = 4). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; and ****P < 0.0001.