Table 1.
Ethogram describing the behaviors observed in the present study.
| Behavior | Definition | Sampling method |
|---|---|---|
| Owner stroking | Owner strokes the dog using her palm | Continuousa |
| Owner scratching | Owner scratches the dog | Continuousa |
| Owner patting | Owner pats the dog | Continuousa |
| Owner touching | The owners’ total amount of touch (Stroking + scratching + patting) | Continuousa |
| Activating touch | The total amount of scratching and patting | Continuousa |
| Verbal rewarding | Owner reward the dog verbally (e.g., “good dog”) | Continuousa |
| Verbal reprimanding | Owner reprimands the dog verbally (e.g., “here”) | Continuousa |
| Verbal instructions | Owner give the dog verbal instructions (e.g., “sit”) | Continuousa |
| Dog sitting | Dog is sitting with front legs extended and hind legs curved | Continuousb |
| Dog standing | Dog is standing up on all four paws | Continuousb |
| Dog lying down | Dog is lying down | Continuousb |
| Dog changing position | Dog changing position (changing from sitting, lying down, and standing) | Continuousa |
aContinuous sampling by registering frequency. bContinuous sampling by registering duration.