Table 4. Telomere Length (TL) in Newborns and Mothers.

Telomere length in	Mean±SDa	p valueb
Newborns (T/S)c	4.1±0.6	N/A
Female newborns	4.2±0.6	0.005**
Male newborns	4.0±0.6
Mothers (T/S)c	3.0±0.5	N/A

^aMean TL and standard deviation.

^bP-value indicating the significance of the difference in mean TL of female and male subgroup; significant p-values are indicated by ** for p<=0.01.

^cT/S expresses telomere length as the ratio of telomere repeat length (T) to a single copy gene (S); Analyses were carried out with newborn TL values residualized for batch effects and DNA extraction method and with maternal TL values residualized for batch effects.