Table 3.

Genes recognized as virulence factors in Candida tropicalis.

	Gene	Gene product in C. tropicalis	Biological function	References
Adhesion to epithelial cells	ALS	Als1 Als2 Als3	Adhesin	Hoyer et al., 2001; Punithavathy and Menon, 2012
	HWP1	Hwp1p	Hyphal cell wall adhesin	Wan Harun et al., 2013
Morphogenesis	UME6	Ume6p	Positive transcription regulator responsible for hyphae morphology and extension; induces HGC1 transcription	Lackey et al., 2013
	NRG1	Nrg1p	Negative transcription regulator; inhibiting filamentation
	HGC1	Hcg1p	Forms a complex between cycline/Cdk and CDC28 kinase, to inhibit cell separation and activation of Cdc42 regulator (involved in vesicular transport in hyphae and actin polymerization)	Zheng et al., 2007; Gonzalez-Novo et al., 2008; Lackey et al., 2013
	PHR1	Phr1p	Remodeling of the cell wall, necessary for maintenance of hyphae shape and growth, adhesion to abiotic surfaces and invasion of the epithelium	Calderon et al., 2010
	CDC12	cdc12p septin	Formation of the cytoskeleton during cell growth in filamentation; Binding to cdc3p actin ligand	Chang et al., 1997; Li et al., 2012
	WOR1	Wor1p	Transcription factor that induces filamentation	Slutsky et al., 1987; Porman et al., 2013
Phenotipc switching	EFG1	Efg1	Activator or a repressor of hypha formation	Mancera et al., 2015
	WOR1	Wor1p	Master regulator of the white-opaque switching	Slutsky et al., 1987; Porman et al., 2013
Biofim formation	ALS	Als1 Als2 Als3	Adhesin	Hoyer et al., 2001; Punithavathy and Menon, 2012; Wan Harun et al., 2013
	HWP1	Hwp1p	Hyphal cell wall adhesin
	BCR1	Bcr1p	Transcription factor for regulation of adhesin production
	RBT5	Rbt5p	Filamentation of cells in the biofilm	Nobile and Mitchell, 2006; Fitzpatrick et al., 2010
	UME6	Ume6p	Negative dispersion regulator of biofilm cells
	WOR1	Wor1p	Negative regulator of mature biofilm cell release	Uppuluri et al., 2010
	NRG1	Nrg1p	Positive regulator of cells dispersion in biofilm
	ERG11	Erg11p	Mechanisms of resistance	Lupetti et al., 2002
	MDR1	Mdr1p	Active drug efflux pump	Marie and White, 2009; Morschhäuser, 2010
Proteinase activity	SAPT1 SAPT2 SAPT3 SAPT4	Sapt1p	Protein hydrolysis	Togni et al., 1996; Zaugg et al., 2001; Silva et al., 2011
Phospholipases activity	PLB1 PLC1	Plb1, Plc1	Hydrolysis of ester bonds in glycerol phospholipids	Bennett et al., 1998; Hoover et al., 1998
Hemolytic activity	RBT5	Rbt5	GPI-anchored cell-wall protein involved in hemoglobin utilization	Nobile and Mitchell, 2006; Fitzpatrick et al., 2010