Table 1.
Demographic distributions of the study subjects and urinary concentration of bisphenol A (μg/g creatinine) according to general characteristics
| Category | Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p value* | GM (SE) | 95% CI | p value | GM (SE) | 95% CI | p value | GM (SE) | 95% CI | p value | ||
| Total | 5402 (100) | 2488 (46.1) | 2914 (53.9) | 1.55 (1.01) | 1.52–1.60 | 1.33 (1.02) | 1.29–1.38 | 1.77 (1.02) | 1.71–1.83 | <0.001 | ||||
| Age | 19–29 | 467 (8.6) | 235 (9.4) | 232 (8.0) | 0.032 | 1.55 (1.05) | 1.42–1.69 | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.07) | 1.18–1.52 | 0.021 | 1.79 (1.06) | 1.59–2.02 | 0.003 |
| (years) | 30–39 | 909 (16.8) | 400 (16.1) | 509 (17.5) | 1.57 (1.03) | 1.49–1.70 | 1.34 (1.05) | 1.23–1.46 | 1.79 (1.04) | 1.65–1.94 | ||||
| 40–49 | 1046 (19.4) | 473 (19.0) | 573 (19.7) | 1.63 (1.03) | 1.53–1.72 | 1.37 (1.05) | 1.25–1.51 | 1.89 (1.04) | 1.76–2.04 | |||||
| 50–59 | 1207 (22.3) | 524 (21.1) | 683 (23.4) | 1.67 (1.03) | 1.58–1.77 | 1.47 (1.04) | 1.35–1.59 | 1.85 (1.04) | 1.72–1.98 | |||||
| 60–69 | 1082 (20.0) | 523 (21.0) | 559 (19.2) | 1.50 (1.03) | 1.42–1.59 | 1.30 (1.04) | 1.19–1.41 | 1.72 (1.04) | 1.59–1.86 | |||||
| ≥70 | 691 (12.8) | 333 (13.4) | 358 (12.3) | 1.31 (1.04) | 1.22–1.41 | 1.15 (1.05) | 1.01–1.28 | 1.48 (1.05) | 1.05–1.63 | |||||
| BMI | <18.5 | 139 (2.6) | 45 (1.8) | 94 (3.2) | <0.001 | 1.56 (1.08) | 1.33–1.83 | 0.949 | 1.39 (1.16) | 1.04–1.84 | 0.530 | 1.65 (1.10) | 1.36–1.99 | 0.744 |
| (kg/m2) | 18.5–24.9 | 3138 (58.1) | 1393 (56.0) | 1745 (59.9) | 1.55 (1.02) | 1.50–1.60 | 1.31 (1.03) | 1.24–1.38 | 1.77 (1.02) | 1.70–1.85 | ||||
| ≥25.0 | 2125 (39.3) | 1050 (42.2) | 1075 (36.9) | 1.56 (1.02) | 1.50–1.63 | 1.37 (1.03) | 1.29–.1.45 | 1.78 (1.03) | 1.68–1.88 | |||||
| Education | ≤ Middle school | 1811 (33.5) | 673 (27.0) | 1138 (39.1) | <0.001 | 1.52 (1.02) | 1.45–1.59 | 0.171 | 1.33 (1.04) | 1.24–1.43 | 0.904 | 1.64 (1.03) | 1.56–1.73 | 0.001 |
| High school | 1655 (30.6) | 764 (30.7) | 891 (30.6) | 1.61 (1.02) | 1.54–1.69 | 1.32 (1.04) | 1.23–1.41 | 1.91 (1.03) | 1.80–2.03 | |||||
| ≥ College | 1936 (35.8) | 1051 (42.2) | 885 (30.4) | 1.54 (1.02) | 1.48–1.61 | 1.35 (1.03) | 1.27–1.43 | 1.81 (1.03) | 1.70–1.92 | |||||
| Marital | Single | 568 (10.5) | 319 (12.8) | 249 (8.5) | <0.001 | 1.48 (1.04) | 1.37–1.60 | 0.351 | 1.36 (1.06) | 1.22–1.51 | 0.784 | 1.66 (1.06) | 1.48–1.86 | 0.101 |
| status | Married | 4302 (79.6) | 2053 (82.5) | 2249 (77.2) | 1.57 (1.01) | 1.53–1.62 | 1.33 (1.02) | 1.27–1.38 | 1.83 (1.02) | 1.76–1.90 | ||||
| Others | 532 (9.8) | 116 (4.7) | 416 (14.3) | 1.50 (1.04) | 1.38–1.62 | 1.40 (1.09) | 1.18–.1.68 | 1.52 (1.05) | 1.39–1.66 | |||||
| Household | 1st quartile | 1489 (27.6) | 695 (27.9) | 794 (27.2) | 0.355 | 1.47 (1.03) | 1.40–1.55 | 0.002 | 1.27 (1.04) | 1.18–1.36 | 0.258 | 1.68 (1.03) | 1.57–1.79 | 0.016 |
| income | 2nd quartile | 2510 (46.5) | 1168 (46.9) | 1342 (46.1) | 1.54 (1.02) | 1.48–1.59 | 1.34 (1.03) | 1.26–1.41 | 1.74 (1.03) | 1.65–1.82 | ||||
| 3rd quartile | 1352 (25.0) | 598 (24.0) | 754 (25.9) | 1.68 (1.03) | 1.59–1.77 | 1.41 (1.04) | 1.30–1.52 | 1.93 (1.03) | 1.81–2.06 | |||||
| 4th quartile | 51 (0.9) | 27 (1.1) | 24 (0.8) | 1.72 (1.14) | 1.32–2.24 | 1.47 (1.21) | 1.02–2.12 | 2.05 (1.21) | 1.42–2.98 | |||||
| Smoking | None or Ex-smoker | 4380 (81.1) | 1579 (63.5) | 2801 (96.1) | <0.001 | 1.61 (1.01) | 1.56–1.65 | <0.001 | 1.35 (1.02) | 1.29–1.41 | 0.467 | 1.77 (1.02) | 1.71–1.83 | 0.705 |
| Current smoker | 1022 (18.9) | 909 (36.5) | 113 (3.9) | 1.35 (1.03) | 1.27–1.43 | 1.31 (1.03) | 1.23–1.39 | 1.71 (1.09) | 1.44–2.03 | |||||
| Alcohol | None | 2163 (40.0) | 709 (28.5) | 1454 (49.9) | <0.001 | 1.56 (1.02) | 1.50–1.63 | 0.282 | 1.26 (1.04) | 1.17–1.35 | 0.001 | 1.74 (1.02) | 1.66–1.82 | 0.326 |
| Light drinkera | 2762 (51.1) | 1393 (56.0) | 1369 (47.0) | 1.53 (1.02) | 1.48–1.59 | 1.31 (1.03) | 1.25–1.38 | 1.79 (1.03) | 1.71–1.88 | |||||
| Heavy drinkerb | 477 (8.8) | 386 (15.5) | 91 (3.1) | 1.65 (1.04) | 1.51–1.80 | 1.58 (1.05) | 1.43–1.74 | 1.98 (1.10) | 1.64–2.40 | |||||
| Exercise | No | 3918 (72.5) | 1743 (70.1) | 2175 (74.6) | <0.001 | 1.55 (1.02) | 1.50–1.60 | 0.683 | 1.33 (1.02) | 1.27–1.39 | 0.826 | 1.75 (1.02) | 1.68–1.82 | 0.246 |
| Yesc | 1484 (27.5) | 745 (29.9) | 739 (25.4) | 1.57 (1.03) | 1.49–1.65 | 1.34 (1.04) | 1.25–1.44 | 1.83 (1.03) | 1.71–1.96 | |||||
*p value calculated by chi-square tests
GM geometric mean/SE standard error/CI confidence Interval
Light drinkera: drinking less than heavy drinker/Heavy drinkerb: drinking ≥3 times a week and ≥7 glasses per occasion for male (≥5 glasses for female)
Exercisec: exercising ≥3 times a week over 20 min and sweating during workout