Table 2.
Urinary geometric mean (GM) concentration of bisphenol A (μg/g creatinine) according to variable categorized by dietary factors
| Male | Female | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Adjusteda | Crude | Adjusteda | |||||||||||
| Category | n (%) | GM (SE) | 95% CI | p value | GM (SE) | 95% CI | p value | n (%) | GM (SE) | 95% CI | p value | GM (SE) | 95% CI | p value |
| At-home drinking water | ||||||||||||||
| Filtered water | 972 (39.1) | 1.30 (1.03) | 1.22–1.38 | 0.141 | 1.29 (1.03) | 1.21–1.37 | 0.102a | 1180 (40.5) | 1.78 (1.03) | 1.71–1.85 | 0.037 | 1.81 (1.03) | 1.74–1.88 | 0.011* |
| Tap or boiled water | 907 (36.5) | 1.30 (1.03) | 1.23–1.40 | 1.31 (1.03) | 1.22–1.39 | 1172 (40.2) | 1.67 (1.03) | 1.60–1.74 | 1.68 (1.03) | 1.63–1.77 | ||||
| Bottled water | 309 (12.4) | 1.48 (1.06) | 1.29–1.66 | 1.46 (1.06) | 1.28–1.63 | 285 (9.8) | 1.89 (1.06) | 1.70–2.07 | 1.87 (1.06) | 1.68–2.04 | ||||
| Mineral or ground water | 300 (12.1) | 1.40 (1.06) | 1.21–1.59 | 1.43 (1.06) | 1.24–1.60 | 277 (9.5) | 1.85 (1.06) | 1.66–2.04 | 1.83 (1.06) | 1.64–2.01 | ||||
| Canned food intake | ||||||||||||||
| Rarely | 1235 (49.6) | 1.30 (1.02) | 1.23–1.37 | 0.433 | 1.31 (1.02) | 1.24–1.39 | 0.082b | 1482 (50.9) | 1.72 (1.02) | 1.64–1.80 | 0.130 | 1.75 (1.02) | 1.67–1.84 | 0.068† |
| < Once a week | 846 (34.0) | 1.36 (1.03) | 1.28–1.46 | 1.33 (1.03) | 1.25–1.45 | 1006 (34.5) | 1.81 (1.03) | 1.71–1.92 | 1.78 (1.03) | 1.72–1.93 | ||||
| ≥ Once a week | 407 (16.4) | 1.37 (1.05) | 1.25–1.51 | 1.36 (1.05) | 1.23–1.49 | 426 (14.6) | 1.86 (1.05) | 1.70–2.03 | 1.80 (1.05) | 1.64–1.97 | ||||
| Frozen food intake | ||||||||||||||
| Rarely | 1991 (80.0) | 1.31 (1.02) | 1.26–1.37 | 0.048 | 1.32 (1.02) | 1.26–1.37 | 0.055c | 2343 (80.4) | 1.75 (1.02) | 1.68–1.82 | 0.290 | 1.76 (1.02) | 1.69–1.82 | 0.165‡ |
| < Once a week | 334 (13.4) | 1.37 (1.05) | 1.23–1.52 | 1.35 (1.06) | 1.13–1.53 | 406 (13.9) | 1.85 (1.05) | 1.69–2.02 | 1.77 (1.05) | 1.61–1.95 | ||||
| ≥ Once a week | 163 (6.6) | 1.57 (1.08) | 1.35–1.82 | 1.53 (1.08) | 1.33–1.82 | 165 (5.7) | 1.86 (1.08) | 1.62–2.14 | 1.81 (1.08) | 1.57–2.10 | ||||
| Food container in refrigerator | ||||||||||||||
| Glass or metal or porcelain ware | 1096 (44.1) | 1.34 (1.03) | 1.26–1.42 | 0.483 | 1.33 (1.03) | 1.26–1.42 | 0.159d | 1338 (45.9) | 1.49 (1.03) | 1.41–1.56 | 0.060 | 1.49 (1.03) | 1.41–1.57 | 0.036§ |
| Plastic ware | 1283 (51.6) | 1.32 (1.03) | 1.25–1.39 | 1.32 (1.03) | 1.25–1.39 | 1445 (49.6) | 1.75 (1.02) | 1.69–1.80 | 1.76 (1.02) | 1.70–1.81 | ||||
| Zip-top or plastic bag | 109 (4.4) | 1.48 (1.10) | 1.23–1.78 | 1.48 (1.10) | 1.23–1.78 | 131 (4.5) | 1.82 (1.08) | 1.52–2.11 | 1.81 (1.08) | 1.50–2.10 | ||||
GM geometric mean
SE Standard error
CI Confidence Interval
*Adjusted by age, alcohol, canned food intake, frozen food intake, and food container in refrigerator
†Adjusted by age, alcohol, at-home drinking water, frozen food intake, and food container in refrigerator
‡Adjusted by age, alcohol, at-home drinking water, canned food intake, and food container in refrigerator
§Adjusted by age, alcohol, at-home drinking water, canned food intake, and frozen food intake