Table 3.
Father’s Labor Migration and Rate of Child’s School Discontinuation
| Testing Gender Differences | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
| Child female * Years father away since child entered school | 1.20* (2.33) | 1.05 (0.48) | |||
| Years father away since child entered school | 0.84** (−2.76) | 1.01 (0.18) | |||
| Child female * Years father away before child entered school | 1.09 (1.80) | 1.03 (0.55) | |||
| Years father away before child entered school | 0.88** (−3.25) | 0.91* (−2.07) | |||
| Child female * Times remittances sent in the past year | 1.31* (2.45) | 1.08 (0.71) | |||
| Times remittances sent in the past year | 0.82* (−2.00) | 1.01 (0.07) | |||
| Child female * Father is a successful labor migrant | 4.32* (2.22) | 2.40 (1.05) | |||
| Child female * Father is an unsuccessful labor migrant | 4.53* (2.54) | 3.15 (1.69) | |||
| Father is a successful labor migrant † | 0.19** (−3.09) | 0.22* (−2.18) | |||
| Father is an unsuccessful labor migrant † | 0.36* (−2.09) | 0.4 (−1.69) | |||
| Mother has 1–4 years of education ‡ | 1.12 (0.46) | 1.12 (0.45) | 1.15 (0.54) | 1.11 (0.40) | 1.09 (0.33) |
| Mother has 5+ years of education ‡ | 0.56 (−1.58) | 0.53 (−1.69) | 0.56 (−1.52) | 0.54 (−1.64) | 0.5 (−1.80) |
| Mother’s age | 0.95* (−1.97) | 0.96 (−1.61) | 0.95 (−1.85) | 0.95* (−1.97) | 0.95 (−1.72) |
| Mother is in a polygynous marriage | 1.41 (1.49) | 1.40 (1.44) | 1.42 (1.49) | 1.36 (1.30) | 1.35 (1.26) |
| Father has 1–4 years of education ‡ | 0.79 (−0.82) | 0.82 (−0.70) | 0.78 (−0.84) | 0.80 (−0.75) | 0.82 (−0.69) |
| Father has 5+ years of education ‡ | 0.38** (−2.65) | 0.39** (−2.61) | 0.38** (−2.65) | 0.38** (−2.64) | 0.38** (−2.66) |
| Father’s education missing ‡ | 0.72 (−0.94) | 0.78 (−0.73) | 0.71 (−0.96) | 0.70 (−0.99) | 0.75 (−0.79) |
| Household material status scale | 1.05 (0.33) | 1.12 (0.73) | 0.98 (−0.14) | 1.07 (0.45) | 1.18 (1.04) |
| Child is female | 0.51** (−2.65) | 0.56* (−2.30) | 0.59* (−2.50) | 0.50** (−2.94) | 0.43** (−3.00) |
| Child’s number of siblings | 1.08 (1.00) | 1.08 (0.98) | 1.09 (1.12) | 1.09 (1.10) | 1.09 (1.08) |
| Nearest school offers grade 6 or higher | 0.37** (−3.11) | 0.38** (−3.10) | 0.36** (−3.14) | 0.35** (−3.19) | 0.37** (−3.17) |
| Time since child’s enrollment | 3.69*** (5.80) | 3.42*** (5.48) | 3.54*** (5.63) | 3.59*** (5.68) | 3.43*** (5.43) |
| Time since child’s enrollment, squared | 0.89*** (−4.32) | 0.89*** (−4.22) | 0.89*** (−4.26) | 0.89*** (−4.30) | 0.89*** (−4.25) |
| Intercept | 0.01*** (−5.43) | 0.01*** (−5.56) | 0.01*** (−5.54) | 0.01*** (−5.31) | 0.01*** (−5.15) |
| N (person-years) | 8866 | 8866 | 8866 | 8866 | 8866 |
†
Reference is non-migrant
‡
Reference is no education
Coefficients are odds ratios; numbers in parentheses are t-statistics
*
p<.05
**
p<.01
***
p<.001, two-tailed tests