Table 1.

Animal models of stem cell injury (SCI) and multifaceted approaches to cellular therapies.

Reference	SCI animal model			Materials for scaffold	Applied cells	Recovery time	Tests for motor function	Functional outcome	BBB score
ltosaka et al., 2009	Rat	T8	Hemisection	Fibrin fibers	BMSC	4 weeks	BBB	Improved	15
Okuda, 2017		T8	Transection	Cell sheet		4 weeks	BBB	Improved	5
Kang et al., 2011		T8-9	Transection	PLGA scaffold	MSC	4 weeks	BBB	Improved	10
Yang, 2017		T9-10	Transection	PLGA scaffold		4 weeks	BBB	Improved	7
Hejcl et al., 2010		T8-9	Compression	HPMA-RGD hydrogel		35 weeks	BBB, plantar test	Improved	10
Hatami et al., 2009		T10	Hemisection	Type1 collagen droplet	NSC	5 weeks	BBB	Improved	19
Nomura et al., 2008		T8	Transection	Chitosan channels		12 weeks	BBB	No effect	9
Bozkurt et al., 2010		T8	Compression			9 weeks	BBB	No effect	11
Teng et al., 2002		T9-10	Hemisection	PLGA scaffold		10 weeks	BBB	Improved	10
Du et al., 2011		T9-10	Transection			8 weeks	BBB, Incline test	Improved	9
Johnson et al., 2010		T9	Hemisection	Fibrin scaffold		8 weeks	BBB, Grid walk	No effect	Data not shown
Ye, 2016		T10	Contrusion	Self-assembling peptide nanofiber		5 weeks	BBB	Improved	12
Mothes, 2013		T2	Compression	Hyaluronan-methy cellulose gel		9 weeks	BBB	No effect	12
Liu et al., 2015		T10	Transection	PLGA scaffold	iNSC	10 weeks	BBB	Improved	14
				PLGA-PEG scaffold		10 weeks	BBB	Improved	17
Olson et al., 2009		T8-9	Transection	PLGA scaffold	SC	4 weeks	BBB	No effect	1
Wang et al., 2011		T10	Transection	Gelform		8 weeks	BBB, incline test	Improved	8
Hurtado et al., 2006		T9-10	Transection	PDL tubular scaffold		6 weeks	BBB	No effect	7
Joosten et al., 2004		T7-9	Transection	Collagen gel	Astrocyte	4 weeks	BBB, grid, catwalk	No effect	13
Rochkind et al., 2006		T7–8	Transection	Dextran-gelatin tube	NOM, SCC	12 weeks	BBB	No effect	10
Zhang et al., 2016		T9	Contrusion	Chitosan scaffold	hDPSC	4 weeks	BBB	Improved	12
Pritchard et al., 2010	Primate	T9	Hemisection	PLGA scaffold	NSC	6 weeks	Babu scale	Improved	15
Nemati, 2013		C5–L1	Contrusion	Direct injection		49 weeks	Tarlov's scale	Improved	1.75

T: thoracic; C: cervical; L: lumbar; PLGA: poly(lactide-co-glycolide) acid; HPMA-RGD: N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-methacrylamide with attached amino acid sequences Arg-Gly-Asp; PDL: poly D-lactic acid; PLA: poly L-lactic acid; BMSC: bone marrow stromal cell; MSC: mesenchymal stem cells; NSC: neural stem cell; iNSC: induced neural stem cell; SC: Schwann cell; NOM: nasal olfactory mucosal cell; SCC: spinal cord cell; BBB: Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan test scale.