Table 2.

Rat models of spinal cord injury (SCI) and suitable test scales.

Target	Thoracic SCI								Cervical SCI
Scale	BBB				LSS		CBS		Martinez
Reference	Basso et al., 1995				Smith et al., 2006		Gale et al., 1985		Martinez et al., 2009
Category	Recovery phase	Category I	Category II	Score	Swim ability	Score	Category	Score	Category	Forelimb	Score	Hindlimb	Score
	Early	Limb movement	Hip	0–2	HL movement	0–4	HL movement	0–45	Articular movement	Shoulder	0–2	Hip	0–2
			Knee	0–2	HL alternation	0–3	Toe spread	0–5		Elbow	0–2	Knee	0–2
			Ankle	0–2	FL dependency	0–4	Placing	0–5		Wrist	0–2	Ankle	0–2
		Trunk position	Side	0-1	Trunk instability	0–4	Withdrawal	0–15	Weight support	Stationary	0-1	Stationary	0-1
			Prop	0-1	Body angle	0–2	Righting	0–5		Active	0-1	Active	0-1
	Intermediate	Paw placement	Sweep	0–2			Inclined plane	0–15	Digit position		0–2		0–2
		Stepping	Dorsal	0-1			Hot plate	0–5	Paw placement at initial contact	Stepping	0–2	Stepping	0–2
			Plantar	0-1			Swim test	0–5
		Limb coordination	Coordination	0-1					Paw orientation during lift off	Stepping	0–2	Stepping	0–2
	Late	Paw position	Initial contact	0–3
			Lift off	0–3					Movement		0–2		0–2
		Trunk instability	Instability	0-1					Limb coordination		0–3		0–3
		Tail position	Up or down	0-1					Tail position		0-1		0-1
Maximum score (−normal)				21	(=normal)	17	(=severe)	100	Maximum score (=normal)		20		20

BBB: Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan; LSS: Louisville swimming scale; CBS: combined behavioral score; HL: hindlimb; FL: Forelimb.