Table 2.
Update on reported Leptotrichia infections. Cases 1–54 were reported in a previous review by the authors [2]
| Case | Sex (years) | Leptotrichia species identified | Clinical-associated disease/predisposing factors/recovery | Suggested source and port of entry (type of material) | Other microbes isolated/Identification type | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 55 | US | Leptotrichia spp., L. wadei, L. goodfellowii, L. trevisanii, L. hongkongensis, L. buccalis | Wounds, respiratory, amniotic fluid, multiple myeloma, neutropenic fever, mucositis, HSCT, R | Blood, wounds, respiratory, amniotic fluid, (bacteremia) | Polymicrobial containing pathogens (viridans group streptococci, E. faecium, B. urealyticus, Streptococcus, S. infantis, or F. nucleatum), culture, DNA sequencing | [4] |
| 56 | F 74 | L. trevisanii | Immunocompetent, pharyngeal pain, RSRTIW, normal renal function, AML, MLD, PA, oral lesion, fever, pneumonia, R, SD | Blood (bacteremia) | Enterococcus faecium, S. epidermidis, fungus, culture, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | [5] |
| 57 | F 66 | L. hongkongensis | Metastatic breast carcinoma, cataract, lesions of lungs, pleura, lymph node, metastatic bilateral retinal detachment, fever, colonic polyp, R | Blood, mouth (bacteremia) | Culture, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, groEL, gyrB, recA, rpoB genes | [6] |
| 58 | M/F 52.3 ± 22.3 | Leptotrichia spp. | Liver abscess, neutropenic sepsis, mucositis, HF, AML, intraabdominal, oropharyngeal and pelvic, cholangiocarcinoma, some D, some R | Blood (bacteremia) | Propionibacterium spp., Bacteroides spp., M. morganii, D. pneumosintes, E. faecalis, B. fragilis, K. oxytoca, Prevotella spp., E. coli, Clostridium spp., C. perfringens, C. tertium, Fusobacterium spp., anaerobic Gram-positive cocci, cultures, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | [7] |
| 59 | US | L. buccalis | Root canals, open cavities, provoked pain, sinus tract, palpation | Root canals | E. faecalis, C. gracilis, E. saburreum, P. melaninogenica, T. socranskii, M. micros, P. gingivalis, P. endodontalis, P. nigrescens, S. anginosus, F. nuc. ssp. vincentii, F. nuc. ssp. nucleatum, V. parvula, N. mucosa, checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization | [8] |
| 60 | M 53 | L. trevisanii | PBSCT, myeloblative chemotherapy, NHL, NF, relapsed follicular, mucositis, multiple myeloma, R | Blood (bacteremia) | Sphingomonas paucimobilis, cultures, RapID ANA II, Vitek, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | [9] |
| M 56 | L. trevisanii | PBSCT, multiple myeloma, NHL, mucositis, NF, myeloablative chemotherapy, relapsed follicular, R | Blood (bacteremia) | Sphingomonas paucimicrobilis, cultures, RapID ANA II, Vitek, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | ||
| F 63 | L. trevisanii | PBSCT, AML, MPS, NF, NR, myeloablative chemotherapy, mucositis, R | Blood (bacteremia) | Sphingomonas paucimicrobilis, cultures, RapID ANA II, Vitek, 16S rRNA sequencing | ||
| 63 | F 12 | L. trevisanii | AML, mandible tumor, stomatitis, PBSCT, NF, chemotherapy, R | Blood (bacteremia) | Sphingomonas paucimobilis culture, RapID ANA II, Vitek, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | [10] |
| M 66 | L. trevisanii | Esophageal carcinoma, chemotherapy, NF, dysphagia, esophageal lesion, R | Blood (bacteremia) | Tissierella praeacuta, culture, RapID ANA II, Vitek, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | ||
| 65 | M 78 | L. goodfellowii | Immunocompetent, dyspnea, nausea, HF, DI, BC, hypertension, periumbilical pain, bilateral opacities, lung lesion, bronchopneumonia, fever, pulmonary edema, R | Blood (bacteremia) | Cultures, VMS, MALDI-TOF MS, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | [11] |
| 66 | M 44 | L. goodfellowii | Immunocompetent, bioprosthetic pulmonic valve, headaches, aortic valve homograft, fever, infective endocarditis, chronic night sweats (diaphoretic), fatigue, inflammatory markers (ESR and CRP), elevated R | Blood (bacteremia) | Culture, GC, RapID ANAII test, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | [12] |
| 67 | M 55 | L. trevisanii | Myelodysplastic syndrome, fever, trisomy, nausea, stomatitis, gum bleeding, mucositis, chemotherapy, neutropenic, pancytopenia, R | Blood (bacteremia) | Cultures, 16S rRNA gene sequence | [14] |
| 68 | F 80 | L. buccalis | Subacute dyspnea, AML, mucositis, malaise, mild PBSB, thrombocytopenia, neutropenic fever, moderate normocytic anemia, blood transfused, R | Blood (bacteremia) | Gram-negative rod, cultures, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | [15] |
| 69 | M/F 2–97 | Leptotrichia spp. | Coronary artery disease, candidal esophagitis, DI, DU, EG, GRD, GU, HH, RE, IMS, chronic kidney disease, UGIB, RT, sarcoidosis | Gastric fluid | Lactobacillus spp., Bacteroidetes, Fusobacterium spp., Proteobacteria, R. dentocariosa, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, A. odontolyticus, Prevotella, H. pylori, C. concisus, C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, P. pneumonia, qPCR, HTS | [16] |
| 70 | F 69 | L. trevisanii | Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, mucositis, febrile diarrheal syndrome, catheter-related bloodstream infection, post-transplant aplasia, febrile, blood progenitor-cell transplantation, R | Stool, blood (bacteremia) | Culture, MALDI-TOF MS, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | [17] |
| 71 | M/F 71.1 | L. hongkongensis, Leptotrichia spp., Leptotrichia sp. oral taxon | Pancreatic cancer | Saliva, mouth | Porphyromonas, Bacteroides, Neisseria, qPCR, HTS | [18] |
| M/F 64.7 | Leptotrichia spp. | Other disease (including cancer) | Saliva (mouth) | Porphyromonas, Bacteroides, qPCR, HTS | ||
| M/F 54.8 | Leptotrichia spp. | Healthy | Saliva (mouth) | Porphyromonas, Bacteroides, qPCR, HTS | ||
| 74 | M/F 62–66 | Leptotrichia spp. | HNSCC, OPSCC-HPV negative | Tumor tissues, saliva | Streptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Staphylococcus, Neisseria, Haemophilus, Eikenella, Citrobacter, Parvimonas, Tannerella, Lactobacillus, Prevotella, qPCR, HTS | [19] |
| M/F 62–66 | Leptotrichia spp. | HNSCC, OPSCC-HPV positive | Tumor tissues, saliva | Streptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Weeksellaceae, Tannerella, Parvimonas, Staphylococcus, Prevotella, Lactobacillus, Veillonella, qPCR, HTS | ||
| M/F 62–66 | Leptotrichia spp. | HNSCC, OSCC-HPV negative | Tumor tissues, saliva | Streptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Lactobacillus, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Parvimonas, Staphylococcus, Prevotella, Tannerella, Eikenella, qPCR, HTS | ||
| M/F 62–66 | Leptotrichia spp. | HPV negative, NM | Tumor tissues, saliva | Streptococcus, Prevotella, Lactobacillus, Haemophils, Gemella, Neisseria, Aggregatibacter, Lautropia, Eikenella, qPCR, HTS | ||
| 78 | F 62 | L. trevisanii | Hematological disease, symptomatic myeloma, oral pain, multiple myeloma, relapsed, fever, persistent catarrhal, dyspnea, deep medullary aplasia, mucositis, febrile neutropenia, cough, allogeneic bone marrow transplant, R | Blood (bacteremia) | Cultures, MALDI-TOF, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | [13] |
| 79 | M/F 56.8 ± 13.9 (23.5–80.9) | Leptotrichia spp. | Hematological disease, AML, myeloma, gut hemorrhage, BMT, acute lymphoid leukemia, chronic lymphoid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, lymphoma, neutropenia, decubitus ulcer, sacrum decubitus bedsore, amygdalitis, dental abscess, mucositis, necrotic gingivitis, sigmoiditis, pertonitis | Blood (bacteremia) | Bacteroides spp., B. fragilis group, Fusobacterium ssp., Clostridium spp., C. tertium, Staphylococcus spp., E. coli, P. intermedia, Enterococcus faecium, E. aerogenes, S. anginosus, S. sanguinis, S. mitis, S. constellatus, K. oxytoca, K. pneumoniae, culture, BacT/Alert 240 system | [22] |
| M/F 64.9 ± 15.7 (35.1–85.7) | Non-hematological disease, decubitus ulcer, sacrum decubitus bedsore, dental abscess, gut ischemia, abdominal gunshot wound, vertebral osteomyelitis, amygdalitis, diverticulitis, biliary tract infection appendicitis, peritonitis | Blood | Bacteroides spp., B. fragilis group, Peptostreptococcus spp., Clostridium spp., C. perfringens, Bifidobacterium spp., S. constellatus, S. anginosus, S. sanguinis, E. faecium, Staphylococcus spp., E. coli, culture, BacT/Alert 240 system | |||
| 81 | US | L. goodfellowii, L. buccalis, Leptotrichia spp., uncultured Leptotrichia sp. oral clone | Guinea pigs | Oral swab samples | Streptobacillus moniliformis, uncultured bacterium, PCR amplicons, DNA sequencing | [21] |
| 82 | M/F 82–92 ± 85.6 | Leptotrichia spp. | Root caries | Plaque | Actinomyces, Selenomonas sp. clone, S. sputigena, Propionibacterium spp., P. alactolyticus, Actinomyces sp. clone, Prevotella spp., Veillonella, Veillonella sp. clone, V. parvula/V. dispar, F. nuc. ssp. polymorphum, Streptococcus spp., S. gordonii, S. intermedius, S. mutans, C. matruchotii, Atopobium, E. faecalis, L. casei/L. paracasei/L. rhamnosus, Olsenella spp., cloning, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | [23] |
| M/F 86–98 ± 91.8 | Leptotrichia spp. | Healthy | Supragingival plaque | P. melaninogenica, P. conceptionensis, Selenomonas sp. clone, S. sputigena, S. noxia, F. nuc. ssp. polymorphum, Veillonella spp., Actinomyces, K. oralis, C. matruchotii, C. gracilis, C. curvus, S. gordonii, S. mutans, S. mitis bv. 2, S. cristatus, S. anginosus, cloning, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | ||
| 84 | M 73 | L. wadei, Leptotrichia spp. | Immunocompetent, pneumonia, hypoxemia, sore throat, fever, dyspnea, cough, leukocytosis, R Note: 1st case of pneumonia |
BALF, mouth-gargled water | Staphylococcus spp., Acidaminococcus spp., Veillonella spp., V. parvula, V. atypica, V. dispar, Lactobacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., E. faecalis, E. casseliflavus, P. nanceiensis, culture, cloning, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | [24] |
| 85 | M/F 3–6 | Leptotrichia | Caries-free male, male with caries, caries-free females, female with caries | Saliva, plaque | Capnocytophaga, Peptostreptococcus, Corynebacterium, Rothia, Veillonella, Prevotella, Granulicatella, Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Thiomonas, Kingella, Campylobacter, Fusobacterium, Erysipelothrix, Atopobium, Oribacterium, Haemophilus, Neisseria, DGGE, HTS | [25] |
| 86 | M/F 3–5 | Leptotrichia spp. | Moderate caries | Plaque | Capnocytophaga, Corynebacterium, Campylobacter, Haemophilus, mitis group streptococci, mutans group streptococci, Neisseria, Burkholderia, Actinomyces, Prevotella, DGGE, cloning, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | [26] |
| M/F 3–5 | Leptotrichia spp. | Caries-susceptible | Plaque | Capnocytophaga, Corynebacterium, Actinomyces, Burkholderia, mutans group streptococci, Neisseria, Haemophilus, Prevotella, DGGE, cloning, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | ||
| M/F 3–5 | Leptotrichia spp. | Caries-free | Plaque | Mitis group streptococci, mutans group streptococci, Neisseria, Prevotella, Campylobacter, Burkholderia, Capnocytophaga, Corynebacterium, Actinomyces, Haemophilus, DGGE, cloning, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | ||
| 89 | M/F 25–39 | Leptotrichia spp. | Unhealthy, gingivitis | Plaque, saliva | S. sanguinis, Veillonella, Prevotella, Neisseria, Fusobacterium, Rothia, TM7, H. parainfluenzae, Granulicatella, L. mirabilis, Selenomonas, Actinomyces, HTS, PCA | [27] |
| F 21–23 ± 18 | Leptotrichia spp. | Healthy | Plaque, saliva | S. sanguinis, Veillonella, Prevotella, Neisseria, Granulicatella, Selenomonas, Rothia, L. mirabilis, Actinomyces, H. parainfluenzae, Fusobacterium, HTS, PCA | ||
| 91 | F 19–89 | Leptotrichia spp. | Healthy, oral cancer, premalignant oral lesions | Saliva | Streptococcus, Veillonella, Capnocytophaga, Haemophilus, Campylobacter, Atopobium, Mycoplasma, Lactococcus, Granulicatella, Filifactor, Prevotella, Parvimonas, Fusobacterium, Gemella, Kingella, Neisseria, Slakia, 454 FLX-pyrosequencing, HOMIM DNA microarray | [28] |
| 92 | M/F 3–6 Mo | Leptotrichia spp. | Edentulous infants | Saliva | Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Veillonella, Treponema, Gemella, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Actinomyces, Granulicatella, Porphyromonas, Oribacterium, Campylobacter, Neisseria, Rothia, HTS | [29] |
| 93 | F ≤ 20, 21–30, ≥31 | Leptotrichia spp. | Sexually active: young and old partners, HIV, vaginal discharge, candidiasis, trichomoniasis | Vaginal fluid | Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Dialister, Prevotella, Peptoniphilus non-lacrimalis, G. vaginalis, Sneathia, Mobiluncus, M. hominis, Eggerthella, A. vaginae, Lactobacillus, T. vaginalis, M. elsdenii, PCR | [30] |
| 94 | M 20–40 | Leptotrichia spp. | Left skin feet | Skin emanation samples | Staphylococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Propionibacteria spp., Delftia spp., Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Brevibacterium spp., Actinobacteria Gp3 spp., Variovorax spp., Micrococcus spp., culture, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | [31] |
| 95 | F 17–21 | Leptotrichia spp. | Sexually inactive: no sexual contact, vaginal discharge, or odor | Vaginal swab smear | G. vaginalis, Megasphaera, Atopobium vaginae, qPCR | [32] |
| F 17–21 | Leptotrichia spp. | Sexually active: no penile vaginal sex, vaginal discharge, or odor | Vaginal swab smear | G. vaginalis, Sneathia, Megasphaera, A. vaginae, qPCR | ||
| F 17–21 | Leptotrichia spp. | Sexually active: penile vaginal sex, vaginal discharge, or odor | Vaginal swab smear | G. vaginalis, Sneathia, Megasphaera, A. vaginae, qPCR | ||
| 98 | M 81 | Leptotrichia spp. | Immunocompetent, DI, cough, fever, fatigued, chills, RD, HSCT, CAP, dyspnea, lung cancer or vasculitis, rigors, cavity lesion, pneumonia, mild anemia, pulmonary diseases, bilateral lungs crackles, respiratory distress, R Note: 3rd case of pneumonia |
Blood, bronchial wash fluid (bacteremia) | S. aureus, Streptococcus group B, viridans Streptococcus, culture | [33] |
| 99 | M/F 18–55 (35.6 ± 11.8) | L. hofstadii, L. buccalis, L. wadei, L. shahii, Leptotrichia spp. | Patients | Saliva, plaque, mucosal surfaces | Streptococcus, S. mutans, Gemella, Corynebacterium, Cardiobacterium, G. elegans, Selenomonas, Porphyromonas, Campylobacter, Neisseria, Rothia, Prevotella, A. porcinus, Actinomyces, Veillonella, C. dublinensis, Lautropia, DGGE, Cloning, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | [34] |
| M/F 21–54 (35.9 ± 11.7) | Leptotrichia spp. | Healthy without prosthesis | Saliva, plaque, mucosal surfaces | Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Selenomona, Veillonella, Actinomyces, Gemella, Neisseria, Rothia, DGGE, cloning16S rRNA gene sequencing | ||
| 101 | M 39–42.5 | Leptotrichia spp. | Chronic periodontitis, inflammation, bone loss, bleeding, peri-implantitis, suppuration | Submucosal: sulci or peri-implant crevice, supragingival plaque | Propionibacter, Prevotella, Corynebacterium, Campylobacter, Lactococcus, Gemella, Rothia, Actinomyces, Burkholderia, non-mutans Streptococcus, S. mutans, Mycoplasma, Peptococcus, Eubacterium, Neisseria, Solobacterium, Porphyromonas, Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Johnsonella, Achromobacter, Butyrivibrio, Peptoniphilus, Catonella, Treponema, Kingella, Lactobacillus, Dialister, Chloroflexi, Megasphaera, Selenomonas, HTS, PCA | [35] |
| M 35.5–41 | Leptotrichia spp. | Healthy, periodontal peri-implant | Supragingival plaque | Propionibacter, Porphyromonas, Corynebacterium, Neisseria, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Propionibacterium, Synergistes, Dialister, Streptococcus, S. mutans, Granulicatella, Campylobacter, Burkholderia, Selenomonas, Rothia, B. fibrisolvens, Peptococcus, Lactobacillus, Veillonella, Arthrobacter, non-mutans Eubacterium, Actinomyces, Lactococcus, Mycoplasma, Treponema, Catonella, HTS, PCA | ||
| 103 | F 32.01 ± 5.12 | Leptotrichia spp. | Obese women, gestational DI | Breast milk | Streptococcus, Streptococcus group B, Staphylococcus, Veillonella, TM7, Prevotella, Weisella, Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, qPCR, HTS | [36] |
| F 32.01 ± 5.12 | Leptotrichia spp. | Healthy, normal-weight women, gestational DI | Breast milk | Streptococcus, Streptococcus group B, Staphylococcus, Prevotella, TM7, Weisella, Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, Veillonella, qPCR, HTS | ||
| 105 | F 42.2 ± 40 | Leptotrichia spp., L. wadei | New-onset rheumatoid arthritis | Mouth | Porphyromonas clones, P. gingivalis, Prevotella spp., Treponema clones, Streptococcus, Tannerella clones, Anaeroglobus geminatus, Neisseria, Selenomonas, Corynebacterium, HTS, PCA, ELISA | [20] |
| F 47.7 ± 48 | Chronic established rheumatoid arthritis | Mouth | P. gingivalis, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Selenomonas, Prevotella, A. geminatus, Treponema clones, Tannerella clones, HTS, PCA, ELISA | |||
| F 42.2 ± 39 | Healthy | Mouth | P. gingivalis, Capnocytophaga, A. geminatus, Selenomonas, Prevotella, HTS, PCA, ELISA | |||
| 108 | M 37.08 ± 14.1 | Severe dentin caries, biofilm | Carious lesions | P. acidifaciens, S. mutans, L. homohiochii, L. rhamnosus, L. vaginalis, L. zeae, L. casei, L. lactis, L. pontis, L. panis, L. oris, L. frumenti, qPCR | [37] | |
| M 32.28 ± 10.0 | Leptotrichia spp., L. wadei, L. trevisanii, Leptotrichia sp. oral taxon | Caries-free, biofilm | Plaque | P. acidifaciens, E. brachy, S. parasanguinis, S. sanguinis, S. constellatus, S. gordonii, S. mitis, S. anginosus, S. pneumoniae, S. australis, S. intermedius, S. oralis, G. morbillorum, Capnocytophaga sp. oral taxon, Capnocytophaga spp., C. sputigena, Treponema spp., Treponema sp. oral taxon, T. denticola, Fusobacterium spp., F. nucleatum, F. periodonticum, qPCR | ||
| 110 | M/F 22–24 | Leptotrichia spp. | Healthy | Saliva | Streptococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Peptostreptococcus, Flavobacteriaceae, Aggregatibacter, Porphyromonas, Corynebacterium, Granulicatella, Rothia, Eubacterium, Veillonella, Fusobacterium, Oribacterium, Neisseria, Gemella, Pasteurella, Prevotella, Actinomyces, Haemophilus, Moraxella, SR1, HTS | [38] |
| M/F 3–6 | Leptotrichia spp. | Healthy | Saliva | Streptococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Granulicatella, Fusobacterium, Neisseria, Aggregatibacter, Actinomyces, Haemophilus, Porphyromonas, Pasteurella, Rothia, Veillonella, Oribacterium, Gemella, Prevotella, HTS | ||
| 112 | 1–60 days | Leptotrichia spp. | Fermenting Lees liquor | Liquor | Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, Microbacterium, Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Burkholderia, Actobacter, Serratia, Rhodoccous, Pelobacter, Arthrobacter, Curtobacterium, Methanoculleus, Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Eurotium, Zygosaccharomyces, Saccharomycopsis, Fomitopsis, Pichia, Talaromyces, Trichosporon, 16S rRNA- and 18S rRNA gene sequencing | [39] |
| 113 | UK | Leptotrichia spp., L. hofstadii | Tumor tissue | Tumor tissues | Campylobacter, Fusobacterium spp., F. nucleatum, C. showae, Ralstonia, Selenomonas, S. sputigena, Bacteroides, HTS, PCA | [40] |
| UK | Unaffected tissue | Surgical samples | Ruminococcus, Pseudoflavonifractor, Ruminococcaceae, Parabacteroides, Bacteroides, Holdemania, Ralstonia, HTS, PCA | |||
| 115 | M/F 20–66 | Leptotrichia spp. | TB | Sputum | Unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, Veillonella, P. melaninogenica, Neisseria, Fusobacterium, Streptococcus, S. anginosus, S. mitis clone, Mogibacterium, Moryella, P. micra, Oribacterium, Prevotella, Pseudomonas, Lactococcus, L. crispatus, Actinomyces, HTS, PCA | [41] |
| M/F 22–82 | TB-free | Sputum | Streptococcus, S. parasanguinis clone, unclassified Lactobacillales, A. aphrophilus, Prevotella, Neisseria, HTS, PCA | |||
| 117 | M/F 19–47 | Leptotrichia spp., L. wadei | Malodor individuals | Tongue plaque | Prevotella, P. tannerae, Streptococcus, Fusobacterium, Veillonella, Gemella, Granulicatella, Neisseria, Rothia, Porphyromonas, Haemophilus, Actinomyces, H2S, HTS, PCA | [42] |
| 118 | M/F 13–77 ± 44 | Leptotrichia spp. | NTB, R | Sputum | Mycobacterium, Streptococcus, Granulicatella, Haemophilus, Pseudomonas, Neisseria, Bergeyella, Acinetobacter, Haloplasma, Veillonella, Coprococcus, Alcaligenes, Treponema, Lautropia, Bulleidia, Prevotella, Catonella, Sharpea, HTS | [43] |
| M/F 22–79 ± 52 | RTB, R | Sputum | Mycobacterium, Granulicatella, Corynebacterium, Sharpea, Achromobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Neisseria, Treponema, Bergeyella, Prevotella, Veillonella, Haloplasma, Coprococcus, Catonella, Alcaligenes, Rothia, Lautropia, HTS | |||
| M/F 20–78 ± 49 | Leptotrichia spp. | TFTB, failed | Sputum | Mycobacterium, Streptococcus, Granulicatella, Campylobacter, Prevotella, Pseudomonas, Veillonella, Bergeyella, Haloplasma, Coprococcus, Sharpea, Atopobium, Blastobacter, Alcaligenes, Catonella, Treponema, Neisseria, Lautropia, HTS | ||
| M/F 24–55 ± 31 | Leptotrichia spp. | Healthy | Throat | Granulicatella, Streptococcus, Campylobacter, Anaeroglobus, Pseudomonas, Treponema, Coprococcus, Haemophilus, Selenomonas, Bulleidia, Neisseria, Haloplasma, Atopobium, Prevotella, Clostridium, Catonella, HTS | ||
| 122 | M/F 50 (±47.5–52.5) | Leptotrichia sp. clones | Dental caries, dental caries + periodontitis | Saliva, caries lesions, mouth | V. atypica, V. parvula, M. micronuciformis, F. periodontium, S. moorei, A. xylosoxidans, S. parasanguinis sp. clones, S. salivarius, S. salivarius sp. clone, PCR, HOMIM | [44] |
| M/F 55 (±53.8–56.3) | Leptotrichia sp. clones | Healthy and diseases (caries + periodontitis) | Saliva, mouth | A. xylosoxidan, M. micronuciformis, F. periodontium, V. atypica, PCR, HOMIM | ||
| 124 | M/F < 30 Mo ±19.1 | Leptotrichia spp., L. hongkongensis clones | Caries | Supragingival plaque, mouth | Porphyromonas, Corynebacterium, Capnocytophaga, Streptococcus spp., S. mutans clones, S. sobrinus clones, Veillonella, Neisseria, Rothia, TM7 genus incertae sedis, Actinomyces, Prevotella spp., P. histicola clones, Eikenella, Kingella, Fusobacterium, Gemella, Campylobacter, Granulicatella spp., G. adiacens clones, Abiotrophia, Selenomonas, Acinetobacter, Lactobacillus, Anaeroglobus, Ottowia, Schlegelella, HTS, PCA | [45] |
| M/F < 30 Mo ±19.0 | Leptotrichia spp. | CF | Supragingival plaque, mouth | Streptococcus spp., Capnocytophaga, Corynebacterium, TM7 genus incertae sedis, Porphyromonas, Granulicatella, Fusobacterium, Treponema, Gemella, Selenomonas, Veillonella, Dechloromonas, Actinomyces, Campylobacter, Abiotrophia, Ottowia, Eikenella, Johnsonella, Neisseria, Prevotella, Kingella, Rothia, HTS, PCA | ||
| 126 | M/F/T 39 ± 10 | Leptotrichia spp. | HIV seropositive | Saliva | Lactobacillus spp., Aggregatibacter, Lachnospiraceae, Rothia, Eubacterium, Tannerella, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Gemella, Granulicatella, Shuttleworthia, Streptococcus, S. mutans, Fusobacterium, Solobacterium, Campylobacter, Veillonella, Dialister, Synergistetes, Filifactor, Parvimonas, Achromobacter, Megasphaera, Selenomonas, Prevotella, Candida, culture, DGGE, HOMIM, PCA | [46] |
| M/F 43 ± 13 | Leptotrichia spp. | HIV seronegative | Saliva | Capnocytophaga, Lachnospiraceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, Granulicatella, Veillonella, Synergistetes, Lactobacillus spp., Porphyromonas, Lactobacillus, Campylobacter, Streptococcus, S. mutans, Parvimonas, Kingella, Atopobium, Selenomonas, Aggregatibacter, Fusobacterium, Haemophilus, Megasphaera, Prevotella, Solobacterium, Gemella, Achromobacter, Eubacterium, Rothia, Slackia, Filifactor, Dialister, Neisseria, Candida, culture, DGGE, HOMIM, PCA | ||
| 128 | M/F ≥ 18–21.5 ± 1.9 | Leptotrichia spp., L. hongkongensis | Healthy, supragingival plaque | Mouth | Corynebacterium, Capnocytophaga, Streptococcus, Cardiobacterium, Haemophilus, Derxia, Veillonella, Prevotella, HTS | [47] |
| 129 | UK | Leptotrichia spp., L. wadei | Healthy, biofilms | Oral epithelial cells | Prevotella, Streptococcus spp., qPCR | [48] |
| 130 | M/F 3–3 MY | Caries individuals | Plaque, biofilm, saliva, mouth | Aggregatibacter sp. HOT 513, Streptococcus genus, S. oralis, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. mitis/S. mitis bv2/S. infantis, Streptococcus sp. HOT 431, Lactobacillus, Atopobium genus, A. parvulum, Actinobaculum sp. HOT 513, culture, HTS, microarray | [49] | |
| M/F 3–3 MY | L. hofstadii /Leptotrichia sp. HOT 203 or 234 | Healthy, CF | Plaque, biofilm, saliva, mouth | C. concisus, G. adiacens, Actinomyces sp. HOT 177, Actinomyces genus, Kingella genus, K. dentificans, K. oralis, Streptococcus anginosus/S. gordonii, S. sanguinis, Bergeyella sp. HOT 322, culture, HTS, microarray | ||
| 132 | M 73–83 ± 77 | Leptotrichia spp. | Lung, AECOPD, cough, dyspnea, fatigue, sputum production | Sputum | Capnocytophaga, Stenotrophomonas, Pasteurellaceae, Pediococcus, Rothia, Acinetobacter, Porphyromonas, Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Enterobacter, Veillonella, Prevotella, Neisseria, fungi (Sterigmatomyces, Teratosphaeria, Candida, Aspergillus Phialosimplex, Aureobasidium), 16S rRNA gene sequencing, barcoded ITS genes, HTS, CRP | [50] |
| 133 | UK/A | Leptotrichia spp. | Healthy, ciprofloxacin group | Saliva, fecal | Veillonella, Bacteroides, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, culture, microarray, MALDI-TOF, PFGE | [51] |
| UK/A | Leptotrichia spp. | Healthy, clindamycin group | Saliva, fecal | Veillonella, K. pneumoniae, culture, MALDI-TOF, microarray, PFGE | ||
| UK/A | Leptotrichia spp. | Healthy, placebo control group | Saliva, fecal | Veillonella, Bacteroides, K. pneumoniae, culture, MALDI-TOF, microarray, PFGE | ||
| 136 | M/F 48 | L. buccalis | Rheumatoid arthritis patients, healthy subjects without periodontitis | Subgingival plaque samples | P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, T. denticola, checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization | [52] |
| M/F 48 | L. buccalis | Rheumatoid arthritis patients, periodontitis, gingivitis | Subgingival plaque samples | P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, T. denticola, G. morbillorum, S. gordonii, P. acnes, checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization | ||
| 138 | M/F 3–6 | Leptotrichia spp. | Healthy, intact enamel surface: discordant caries twins | Supragingival plaque, mouth | Fusobacterium, Corynebacterium, Porphyromonas, Veillonella, TM7 genus incertae sedis, Streptococcus, Moraxella, Capnocytophaga, F. canifelinum, Selenomonas, Propionibacterium, Actinomyces, Neisseria, K. denitrificans, Alysiella, Prevotella, Lactobacillus, Scardovia, HTS, PCA | [53] |
| M/F 3–6 | Leptotrichia spp. | Caries, intact enamel surface: discordant caries twins | Supragingival plaque, mouth | Capnocytophaga, Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Porphyromonas, TM7 genus incertae sedis, Prevotella, Lactobacillus, Moraxella, Selenomonas, Alysiella, Scardovia, Neisseria, HTS, PCA | ||
| M/F 3–6 | Leptotrichia spp. | Caries, decayed tooth surface: discordant caries twins | Supragingival plaque, mouth | Propionibacterium, Corynebacterium, Capnocytophaga, Streptococcus, C. matruchotii, Veillonella, V. dispar, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, TM7 genus incertae sedis, Lactobacillus, Alysiella, Actinomyces, Selenomonas, S. noxia, Moraxella, Scardovia, Neisseria, HTS, PCA | ||
| 141 | M/F 4–21 DO | Leptotrichia spp. | PEDV | Piglets feces | Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, MST, qPCR, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | [54] |
| F 18–60+ | Leptotrichia spp. | hrHPV, HIV+, HIV– | Vaginal swab suspensions | Proteobacteria, Peptostreptococcus, Bacteriodetes, Peptoniphilus spp., L. iners, L. crispatus, Fusobactium spp., Atopobium, Bacillus, G. vaginalis, Megasphaera spp., Sneathia spp., Prevotella spp., Clostridia, Dialister spp., HTS, PCA | [55] | |
| F 18–60+ | Leptotrichia spp. | Negative hrHPV, HIV+, HIV– | Vaginal swab suspensions | Prevotella spp., Proteobacteria, L. iners, L. crispatus, G. vaginalis, HTS, PCA | ||
| 144 | M 17 | L. buccalis, L. goodfellowii, L. shahii, L. hofstadii, L. wadei, L. hongkongensis, Leptotrichia sp. clones | Active caries, caries lesions | Plaque, mouth, Swedish | Peptostreptococcaceae, Porphyromonas, S. mutans, S. australis, S. mitis, D. pneumosintes, Capnocytophaga spp., Capnocytophaga sp. clone, TM7 clone, F. nuc. ssp. animalis, Lachnoanaerobaculum, Alloprevotella, Actinobaculum, Neisseria, Kingella, Eubacterium spp., G. haemolysans, Selenomonas, P. oris, P. maculosa, P. nigrescens, Treponema, A. gerencseriae, Actinomyces sp. clone, Parvimonas, Bacteroidales, C. matruchotii, Bergeyella, Veillonella, Mitsuckella, PCR, qPCR, HTS | [56] |
| M 17 | L. buccalis, L. goodfellowii, L. shahii, L. hofstadii, L. wadei, L. hongkongensis, Leptotrichia sp. clones | Healthy, CF | Plaque, mouth, Swedish | Streptococcus spp., Capnocytophaga sp. clone, Capnocytophaga spp., F. nuc. ssp. animalis, Campylobacter, S. mutans, Actinomyces sp. clone, P. maculosa, P. nigrescens, Actinomyces, Selenomonas, Clostridiales clones, Dialister, Mycoplasma, PCR, qPCR, HTS | ||
| M 14–15 | L. buccalis, L. hongkongensis, L. shahii, L. goodfellowii, L. wadei, L. hofstadii, Leptotrichia sp. clones | High caries | Plaque, mouth, Romania | Peptostreptococcus, Lachnospiraceae clone, Capnocytophaga, Catonella, D. pneumosintes, S. sobrinus, S. australis, S. sanguinis, S. sinensis, S. cristatus, S. mutans, S. mitis, Streptococcus sp. clones, Fusobacterium, G. haemolysans, Filifactor, Actinomyces, Shuttleworthia, Campylobacter, Ganulicatella, TM7 clone, Abiotrophia, P. catonella, Bacteroidetes clone, Parvimonas, Neisseria, Selenomonas, Veillonella, Lactobacillus, Prevotella spp., Prevotella sp. clone, Alloprevotella clone, PCR, qPCR, HTS | ||
| 147 | M/F 55–74 (60.77–63.71) | Leptotrichia spp. | Prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian (PLCO-a) head and neck patients | Oral wash samples | Corynebacterium, Bifidobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas, V. parvula, Capnocytophaga, Selenomonas, Aggregatibacter, Lactobacillus, Kingella, Neisseria, Streptococcus, Eikenella, Haemophilus, Abiotrophia, Atopobium, Lautropia, Prevotella, HTS | [57] |
| M/F 55–74 (61.02–64.25) | Leptotrichia spp. | PLCO-b pancreas patients | Oral wash samples | Corynebacterium, Bifidobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas, V. parvula, Capnocytophaga, Selenomonas, Streptococcus, Aggregatibacter, Haemophilus, Lactobacillus, Prevotella, Abiotrophia, Eikenella, Lautropia, Neisseria, Atopobium, Kingella, HTS | ||
| M/F 55–74 (68.82–70.53) | Leptotrichia spp. | Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II-a) head and neck patients | Oral wash samples | Corynebacterium, Bifidobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas, V. parvula, Streptococcus, Capnocytophaga, Aggregatibacter, Haemophilus, Atopobium, Abiotrophia, Selenomonas, Eikenella, Lactobacillus, Lautropia, Neisseria, Prevotella, Kingella, HTS | ||
| M/F 55–74 (70.77–74.80) | Leptotrichia spp. | CPS-II-b pancreas patients | Oral wash samples | Corynebacterium, Bifidobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas, V. parvula, Streptococcus, Capnocytophaga, Aggregatibacter, Haemophilus, Atopobium, Selenomonas, Eikenella, Lautropia, Lactobacillus, Abiotrophia, Prevotella, Neisseria, Kingella, HTS | ||
| 151 | US | Leptotrichia spp. | Herbivorous, carnivorous, omnivorous, and fish filter-feeding | Fish gut | Cetobacterium, Clostridium, Bacteroides, Shewanella, Xiphinematobacter, Citrobacter, Halomonas, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, HTS, PCA | [58] |
| 152 | M/F 20–50 | Leptotrichia spp. | Brush-alone, gingivitis, R | Plaque, saliva | Actinomyces, Actinobaculum, Lachnospiraceae, Bergeyella, Granulicatella, Lautropia, Selenomonas, Prevotella, Tannerella, uncultured Peptococcus, unclassified Veillonellaceae, TM7, Rothia, HTS, PCA, MA | [59] |
| M/F 18–50 | Leptotrichia spp. | Brush-plus-rinse, gingivitis, R | Plaque, saliva | Actinomyces, Actinobaculum, Lachnospiraceae, Bergeyella, Granulicatella, Selenomonas, Tannerella, Lautropia, Peptococcus, Prevotella, TM7, Rothia, unclassified Veillonellaceae, HTS, PCA, MA | ||
| 154 | M/F 18–45 ± 27.3 | Leptotrichia | Healthy, normal oropharyngeal and intestine, R | Blood, saliva, mouth, | Bifidobacteria, Enterobacteria, enterococci, lactobacilli, Streptococcus spp., S. salivarius, Fusobacteria, Veillonella, Clostridia, Staphylococci, Micrococci, Neisseria, Prevotella, Candida, culture, MALDI-TOF MS, GC, qPCR | [60] |
| M/F 18–45 ± 27.3 | Healthy, normal oropharyngeal and intestine, R | Fecal, blood | Enterococci, Enterobacteria, Bifidobacteria, Bacteroides, Clostridia, E. coli, lactobacilli, Candida, culture, MALDI-TOF MS, GC, qPCR | |||
| 156 | M/F 41–60 | Leptotrichia spp. | Cholelithiasis (gallstone disease), fish-borne liver fluke infection (Opisthorchis felineus), pancreatitis, hepatitis C virus | Aspirated bile | T. socranskii, T. amylovorum, Aggregatibacter, Klebsiella, Flavobacterium, P. distasonis, P. aminovorans, L. brevis, V. dispar, TG5, C. durum, B. flexus, B. uniformis, R. aeria, H. influenza, H. parainfluenzae, S. equorum, Zoogloea, A. johnsonii, A. lwoffii, Cellulosimicrobium, Sediminibacterium, Dorea, Saccharopolyspora, Parabacteroides, S. changbaiensis, Phycicoccus, P. mexicana, Granulicatella, Halogeometricum clone, Selenomonas, M. mobilis, M. adhaesivum, Friedmanniella, Luteolibacter, Mycoplana, S. yabuuchiae, S. xenophagum, Microlunatus, Pimelobacter, Brochothrix, Ochrobacterum, Ruminococcus, Psychrobacter, S. anginosus, Lutibacterium, Oscillospira, Anaerostripes, Kaistobacter, PCR, qPCR, HTS, PCA | [61] |
| 157 | M/F 20–50 | Leptotrichia spp. | Low caries load | Supragingival plaque | Porphyromonas, Capnocytophaga, Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium, Campylobacter, Streptococcus, Ottowia, Fusobacterium, Actinobaculum, Actinomyces, Selenomonas, Prevotella, Neisseria, Lautropia, Veillonella, TM7, Rothia, HTS, PCA | [62] |
| M/F 20–50 | Leptotrichia spp. | Moderate caries load | Supragingival plaque | Corynebacterium, Capnocytophaga, Propionibacterium, Ottowia, Neisseria, Campylobacter, Porphyromonas, Actinobaculum, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Streptococcus, Selenomonas, Actinomyces, Veillonella, Lautropia, Rothia, TM7, HTS, PCA | ||
| M/F 20–50 | Leptotrichia spp. | High caries load | Supragingival plaque | Capnocytophaga, Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium, Prevotella, Rothia, Neisseria, Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, Campylobacter, Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Actinobaculum, Selenomonas, Lautropia, TM7, Veillonella, HTS, PCA | ||
| M/F 20–50 | Leptotrichia spp. | Healthy, CF | Supragingival plaque | Cardiobacterium, Propionibacterium, Capnocytophaga, Fusobacterium, Corynebacterium, Aggregatibacter, Selenomonas, Porphyromonas, Ottowia, Actinomyces, Actinobaculum, Prevotella, Veillonella, Rothia, Campylobacter, Neisseria, Streptococcus, TM7, Lautropia, HTS, PCA | ||
| 161 | US | Leptotrichia spp. | Healthy, CF, no pigment | Supragingival plaque, saliva | Neisseria, unclassified Neisseriaceae, Capnocytophaga, Parascardovia, Prevotella, Streptococcus, unclassified Streptococcaceae, Paenibacillus, Rothia, Haemophilus, HTS, PCA | [63] |
| US | Leptotrichia spp. | BPES patients | Supragingival plaque, saliva | Neisseria, unclassified Neisseriaceae, Capnocytophaga, Mogibacterium, Granulicatella, Parascardovia, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Streptococcus, unclassified Streptococcaceae, Gemellales, Prevotella, Paenibacillus, Rothia, Veillonella, unclassified Haemophilus, HTS, PCA | ||
| US | Leptotrichia spp. | Active caries (obvious decay) | Supragingival plaque, saliva | Neisseria, unclassified Neisseriaceae, Capnocytophaga, Granulicatella, Mogibacterium, Streptococcus, unclassified Streptococcaceae, Rothia, Gemella, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Selenomonas, Veillonella, unclassified Gemellales, Streptobacillus, Paenibacillus, Parascardovia, Haemophilus, HTS, PCA | ||
| US | Leptotrichia spp. | Active caries + pigment (obvious decay) | Supragingival plaque, saliva | Streptococcus, unclassified Streptococcaceae, Peptostreptococcus, Neisseria, unclassified Neisseriaceae, Clostridium, unclassified Clostridiaceae, Rothia, Gemella, unclassified Gemellales, Granulicatella, Capnocytophaga, Selenomonas, Paenibacillus, Prevotella, Mogibacterium, Parascardovia, Fusobacterium, Streptobacillus, Haemophilus, HTS, PCA | ||
| 165 | M/F 18–60 | Leptotrichia spp. | Behçet’s disease patients | Saliva | H. parainfluenzae, Alloprevotella, MiSeq sequencing | [64] |
| M/F 22–54 | Leptotrichia spp. | Healthy | Saliva | Haemophilus, P. enoeca, Alloprevotella, Lachnospiraceae, L. orale, TM7 sp., Veillonella, Bacteroidetes spp., Clostridiales, C. concisus, Rothia, S. moorei, Selenomonas, P. pallens, A. graevenitzii, A. parvulum, Neisseria, MiSeq sequencing | ||
| 167 | M/F 4–5 | Leptotrichia spp. | Halitosis | Supragingival plaque | Actinomyces, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Lautropia, C. ochracea, S. noxia, HTS | [65] |
| M/F 4–5 | Leptotrichia spp. | Healthy | Supragingival plaque | Prevotella, Actinomyces, Porphyromonas, HTS | ||
| 169 | M/F 50–74 | Leptotrichia spp. | Cancer Prevention Study (CPS) II | Oral wash samples | P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, T. forsythia, Alloprevotella, P. intermedia, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, HOMD, PCA | [66] |
| M/F 55–74 | Leptotrichia spp. | Prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer (PLCO) | Oral wash samples | P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, T. forsythia, Alloprevotella, P. intermedia, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, HOMD, PCA | ||
| M/F 63.8–73.1 | Leptotrichia spp. | Nested case control with no prior history of cancer | Oral wash samples | P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, T. forsythia, Alloprevotella, P. intermedia, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, HOMD, PCA | ||
| 172 | US | Leptotrichia wade, Leptotrichia spp. | Patient with caries cavity, supragingival plaque | Plaque samples, saliva mucosal swabs | Hemolytic bacterium, streptococci, S. mutans, S. tigurinus, F. nucleatum, Lactobacillus, C. albicans, Gram-stain, culture, VITEK system, qPCR, DGGE, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | [67] |
| US | Leptotrichia spp. | Healthy | Plaque samples, saliva mucosal swabs | Gram-stain, culture, VITEK system, qPCR, DGGE, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | ||
| 174 | F 18.3–36.3 | Leptotrichia | Healthy | Maternal saliva, premasticated foods | Sphingomonas, unclassified Pasteurellaceae, Porphyromonas, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Gemella, Veillonella, Johnsonella, Streptococcus, Neisseria, Actinomyces, Rothia, Prevotella, MiSeq sequencing | [68] |
| M/F 0.8–2.0 | Leptotrichia | Healthy, breastfeeding | Infant saliva, premasticated foods | Streptococcus, Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, Sphingomonas, Gemella, Neisseria, unclassified Pasteurellaceae, Actinomyces, Veillonella, Rothia, Prevotella, MiSeq sequencing | ||
| 176 | M/F 3–4 | Leptotrichia sp. oral clone FP036 | Dental caries | Saliva | P. melaninogenica, P. histicola, P. salivae, R. dentocariosa, Haemophilus, S. mutans, S. sanguinis, Neisseria, Gemella, Veillonella, Veillonella sp. oral taxon 780, A. odontolyticus, A. graevenitzii, Scardovia, F. periodonticum, Lactobacillus, MiSeq sequencing | [69] |
| M/F 3–4 | Leptotrichia sp. oral clone FP036 | Healthy | Saliva | P. melaninogenica, P. histicola, P. salivae, R. dentocariosa, Veillonella, A. odontolyticus, A. graevenitzii, Veillonella sp. oral taxon 780, Haemophilus, F. periodonticum, Gemella, S. mutans, S. sanguinis, Neisseria, MiSeq sequencing | ||
| 178 | M/F 3–7 | L. buccalis | Teeth with irreversible pulpitis | Cells | C. rectus, G. morbillorum, T. denticola, F. nuc. ssp. polymorphum, C. ochracea, C. gingivalis, S. mitis, S. intermedius, S. gordonii, checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization | [70] |
| M/F 3–7 | L. buccalis | Teeth with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis | Cells | C. rectus, T. denticola, S. intermedius, S. mitis, S. oralis, S. gordonii, F. nuc. ssp. polymorphum, G. morbillorum, C. gingivalis, C. ochracea, checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization | ||
| 180 | M/F 60–70 | L. buccalis | ABL, control no bone loss | Subgingival plaque, guinea pigs | L. acidophilus, E. corrodens, S. anginosus, S. sanguinis, S. mutans, S. oralis, E. saburreum, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, F. nuc. ssp. vincentii, F. nuc. ssp. polymorphum, F. nuc. ssp. nucleatum, T. denticola, P. micra, P. intermedia, A. actinomycetemcomitans, checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization | [71] |
| 181 | M/F 18–70 ± 34 | L. buccalis | Endodontic root canal infection | Tissue fluid | P. melaninogenica, A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, F. nuc. ssp. nucleatum, F. nuc. ssp. vincentii, E. faecalis, A. israelii, A. naeslundii, A. gerencseriae, C. rectus, C. gracilis, N. mucosa, S. oralis, S. anginosus, S. intermedius, E. saburreum, V. parvula, C. ochracea, checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization | [72] |
| 182 | F 26–42 | L. buccalis | Pregnant, postpartum, BOP | Supragingival sample | N. mucosa, C. ochracea, C. sputigena, S. aureus, E. saburreum, F. nuc. ssp. naviforme, F. nuc. ssp. polymorphum, S. gordonii, S. anginosus, S. mutans, S. intermedius, S. sanguinis, S. oralis, V. parvula, P. micra, P. intermedia, P. melaninogenica, S. noxia, checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization | [73] |
| 183 | F 30 | L. buccalis, L. goodfellowii | Heathy, dog bite, cellulitis, painful erythema, inflammation, R | Wound exudate (bacteremia) | Capnocytophaga spp., C. perfringens, culture, API rapid ID 32A, molecular identification | [74] |
| 184 | M/F 14–32 | L. buccalis | Lip piercings – stainless steel-stud | Biofilms, absorbed fluid | A. actinomycetemcomitans, V. parvula, T. denticola, P. micra, C. rectus, C. gracilis, C. showae, E. saburreum, P. melaninogenica, S. anginosus, S. oralis, S. mutans, S. intermedius, S. mitis, S. pneumoniae, S. constellatus, F. nuc. ssp. (naviforme, nucleatum, polymorphum), F. periodonticum, C. gingivalis, C. sputigena, B. longum, G. vaginalis, S. aureus, S. anaerobius, S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis, L. acidophilus, A. naeslundii, P. ginigvalis, P. aeruginosa, checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization | [75] |
| M/F 14–32 | L. buccalis | Lip piercings-titanium-stud | Biofilms, absorbed fluid | A. actinomycetemcomitans, V. parvula, T. denticola, P. micra, C. rectus, C. showae, C. gingivalis, C. sputigena, P. melaninogenica, P. ginigvalis, E. saburreum, S. anginosus, S. mutans, S. intermedius, S. pneumoniae, S. mitis, S. oralis, C. gracilis, S. epidermidis, S. aureus, S. anaerobius, F. nuc. ssp. (naviforme, nucleatum, polymorphum), F. periodonticum, S. haemolyticus, checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization | ||
| M/F 14–32 | L. buccalis | Lip piercings – polypropylene-stud | Biofilms, absorbed fluid | A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. melaninogenica, T. denticola, E. saburreum, S. mutans, S. anginosus, S. intermedius, S. mitis, S. oralis, F. periodonticum, F. nuc. ssp. (naviforme, nucleatum, polymorphum), P. micra, C. rectus, C. gingivalis, C. gracilis, C. showae, V. parvula, G. vaginalis, S. aureus, S. anaerobius, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization | ||
| M/F 14–32 | L. buccalis | Lip piercings-PTFE-stud | Biofilms, absorbed fluid | A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. melaninogenica, S. anginosus, S. mutans, S. intermedius, S. oralis, E. saburreum, C. gracilis, C. rectus, C. showae, P. micra, V. parvula, G. vaginalis, F. periodonticum, F. nuc. ssp. (naviforme, nucleatum, polymorphum), T. denticola, S. anaerobius, S. aureus, S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis, checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization | ||
| 188 | M/F 23–59 | L. buccalis | Healthy | Saliva | G. haemolysans, Veillonella spp., V. parvula, S. gordonii, S. mutans, S. oralis, S. thermophilus, S. termitidis, virus, 314 chips sequencing | [76] |
| 189 | M/F 27–57 | L. buccalis | Endodontic infection, swelling, sinus tract, exudates | Root canal, mouth | E. faecium, E. faecalis, S. epidermidis, S. warneri, P. micra, H. pylori, E. saburreum, checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization | [77] |
| 190 | F 35 | L. buccalis | Immunocompetent, pregnant, afebrile, AC, R, pregnancy loss (non-viable infant) Note: 1st case with acute chorioamnionitis |
Amniotic fluid (bacteremia) | Culture, MALDI-TOF MS, bioMérieux Vitek MS, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | [78] |
| 191 | M/F 26–41 | L. buccalis | Peri-implantitis | Peri-implant crevicular fluid | P. aeruginosa, A. actinomycetemcomitans, F. periodonticum, A. israelii, E. coli, P. micra, S. anginosus, T. forsythia, S. aureus, S. haemolyticus, C. gracilis, checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization | [79] |
| 192 | M/F 40–60 | L. wadei | DS, low gastric cancer risk | Antral gastric biopsies, Tumaco | Veillonella, Staphylococcus, Haematobacter, Porphyromonas, Catonella, N. flavescens, Sphingomonadaceae, H. pylori, P. oris, Actinomyces, TM7 genera incertae sedis, S. oralis, C. gingivalis, Rothia, Flavobacterium, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, HTS, PCA | [80] |
| M/F 40–60 | L. wadei | DS, high gastric cancer risk | Antral gastric biopsies, Túquerres | H. pylori, Veillonella, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, HTS, PCA | ||
| M/F 41–60 | Cholelitiasis, non-Opisthorchis felineus, pancreatitis, hepatitis C virus | Aspirated bile | Flectobacillus, Burkholderia, P. mexicana, Xanthobacter, A. lwoffii, A. johnsonii, L. brevis, J. psychrophilus, T. socranskii, T. amylovorum, V. dispar, R. aeria, Streptomyces, S. yabuuchiae, S. anginosus, R. caricis, H. influenza, J. lividum, B. uniformis, B. flexus, C. durum, S. xenophagum, M. mobilis, M. adhaesivum, S. equorum, PCR, qPCT, HTS, PCA | |||
| 195 | M/F 4–5 | L. wadei, L. hofstadii | Halitosis, tongue | Saliva, tongue coating, mouth | P. stomatis, E. sulci, E. saburreum, S. australis, Bacteroides, TM7 genus incertae sedis, Fusobacterium, Capnocytophaga, P. shahii, P. loesheii, P. catoniae, S. moorei, Actinomyces spp., A. graevenitzii, A. gerencseriae, S. infelix, unclassified Flavobacteriaceae spp., 16S rRNA gene sequencing, HTS, qPCR, PCA | [81] |
| M/F 4–5 | L. wadei, L. hofstadii | Healthy, tongue | Saliva, tongue coating, mouth | S. moorei, Actinomyces spp., P. stomatis, Capnocytophaga, A. graevenitzii, A. gerencseriae, TM7 genus incertae sedis, P. shahii, P. loesheii, P. catoniae, unclassified Flavobacteriaceae sp., Streptococcus spp., S. infelix, S. australis, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, HTS, qPCA, PCA | ||
| 197 | M 12–79 | L. hofstadii | Tongue coating, halitosis | Saliva | Granulicatella, Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, Lautropia, Aggregatibacter, Haemophilus, Prevotella, Streptococcus, Treponema, Veillonella, Neisseria, Parvimonas, Rothia, PCR, qPCR, T-RFLP, PCA | [82] |
| F 12–79 | L. hofstadii | Tongue coating, halitosis | Saliva | Granulicatella, Fusobacterium, Streptococcus, Aggregatibacter, Parvimonas, Rothia, Veillonella, Haemophilus, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Neisseria, Lautropia, Treponema, PCR, qPCR, T-RFLP, PCA | ||
| 199 | F 33–64 | L. hofstadii | Periodontitis | SPPS | Streptococcus spp., Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes sp. clone, TM7, K. oralis, P. alactolyticus, Treponema spp., S. intermediu, S. intermedius/anginosus, S. parasanguinis, S. cristatus spp., S. anginosus/intermedius/constellatus, E. yurii, E. saphenum, E. brachy, S. satelles, Synergistetes, HOMIM DNA microarray | [83] |
| F 33–64 | L. hofstadii | Periodontitis | GCF | P. nigrescens, T. forsythia, Haemophilus spp., Peptostreptococcaceae spp., F. nuc. ssp. polymorphum, Actinomyces, TM7, C. rectus/concisus, C. concisus, D. pneumosintes, Spirochaetes, Synergistetes, Bacteroidetes spp., HOMIM, DNA microarray | ||
| 201 | US 6–8 | L. hofstadii | Caries-active | Saliva | Bacteroidetes spp., Lachnospiraceae, Selenomonas spp., Campylobacter, P. propionicum, Tannerella spp., S. infelix, TM7 sp. clone, P. micra, S. mutans, S. anginosus, Eubacterium, C. showae, C. matruchotii, C. sputigena, G. sanguinis, Prevotella, P. catoniae, HOMIM 16S rRNA gene, microarray | [84] |
| 202 | F US | L. goodfellowii | Immunocompetent, foul odor, stillborn child, spontaneously expelled at 25 weeks of gestation, amniotic fluid, urinary tract infection, D | Gastric fluid, blood (bacteremia) | E. coli, culture, ANC Vitek 2, GC, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | [85] |
| 203 | M/F 3–6 ± 1.19 | L. shahii | Healthy | Plaque, saliva, mouth | S. oralis, C. leadbetteri, C. granulosa, N. mucosa, N. subflava, Ottowia spp., A. segnis, Porphyromonas spp., urease activity, HTS | [86] |
| 204 | M 7 | L. trevisanii, L. buccalis | Burkitt’s lymphoma, fever | Blood, ulceration, bacteremia, R | P. canis, S. paucimobilis, culture, VITEK 2 system, VITEK MS, Bruker Biotyper, MALDI-TOF MS, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | [87] |
| M 37 | L. trevisanii | Diffused large B-cell lymphoma, fever | Blood, bacteremia R | Culture, VITEK 2 system, VITEK MS, Bruker Biotyper, MALDI-TOF MS, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | ||
| M 65 | L. trevisanii, L. buccalis | Plasmablastic lymphoma, fever | Blood, bacteremia mucositis, R | S. paucimobilis, culture, VITEK 2 system, VITEK MS, Bruker Biotyper, MALDI-TOF MS, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | ||
| F 34 | L. trevisanii, L. buccalis | Double primary cancer (colon and gastric cancer), diarrhea | Blood, bacteremia R | S. paucimobilis, culture, VITEK 2 system, VITEK MS, Bruker Biotyper, MALDI-TOF MS, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | ||
| M 19 | L. trevisanii, L. buccalis | Ewing sarcoma, fever | Blood, bacteremia ulceration, R | S. paucimobilis, culture, VITEK 2 system, VITEK MS, Bruker Biotyper, MALDI-TOF MS, 16S rRNA gene sequencing | ||
| 209 | M/F 53.6 ± 14.6 | Leptotrichia spp. | Healthy | Buccal scraping samples | Streptococcus, Prevotella, Haemophilus, Fusobacterium, Actinomyces, Neisseria, Veillonella, PCR, qPCR, HT-454 pyrosequencing | [88] |
| M/F 48.2 ± 15.5 | Leptotrichia spp. | Oral lichen planus patients, erosive | Buccal scraping samples | Fusobacterium, Veillonella, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Haemophilus, Lautropia, Neisseria, Actinomyces, PCR, HT-454 pyrosequencing | ||
| M/F 43.8 ± 14.1 | Leptotrichia spp. | Oral lichen planus patients, non-erosive | Buccal scraping samples | Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Fusobacterium, Actinomyces, Veillonella, Prevotella, Neisseria, PCR, HT-454 pyrosequencing | ||
| 212 | UK | Leptotrichia (OTU 11), | Healthy | Saliva, oral biofilm | Neisseria (OTU 5), Streptococcus (OTU 90), Haemophilus (OTU 3), Rothia (OTU 8, OTU 58), Veillonella (OTU 2, OTU 17, OTU 44), Prevotella (OTU 12, OTU 16, OTU 25), Fusobacterium (OTU 24), C. albicans, culture, CLSM, qPCR, PCA, HTS, | [89] |
| 213 | M 58 ± 2.3 | Leptotrichia spp., L. buccalis | Normoglycemic non-smoker, periodontitis | Plaque, periodontitis | Streptococcus, S. oralis, S. sanguinis, Neisseria, Selenomonas, Treponema, C. gracilis, C. matruchotii, F. nucleatum, G. sanguinis, G. adiacens, PCR, FLX 16S pyrosequencing, PCA | [90] |
| M 58 ± 6.6 | Leptotrichia spp. | Hyperglycemic non-smoker, periodontitis, diabetics | Plaque, periodontitis | Fusobacterium, Parvimonas, Peptostreptococcus, Peptostreptococcaceae [XI] [G4] [XII] [G5], Streptococcus, Veillonella, Acinetobacter, Tannerella, Pseudomonas, Terrahaemophilus, Lactobacillus, Lachnoanaerobaculum, F. alocis, Corynebacterium, Porphyromonas, Alloprevotella, Stenotrophomonas, Brevundimonas, Gemella, Microbacterium, Sphingomonas, Fretibacterium, Prevotella, Eubacterium, Atopobium, Neisseria, Haemophilus, Enterobacter, Bergeyella, Dialister, Treponema, TM7, PCR, FLX 16S pyrosequencing, PCA | ||
| M 50 ± 9.8 | Leptotrichia spp. | Normoglycemic smoker, periodontitis | Plaque, periodontitis | Streptococcus, Stenotrophomonas,, Neisseria, Selenomonas, Alloprevotella, Brevundimonas, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Treponema, Enterobacter, Bergeyella, Terrahaemophilus, PCR, FLX 16S pyrosequencing, PCA | ||
| M 56 ± 6.3 | Leptotrichia spp. | Hyperglycemic smoker periodontitis, diabetics | Plaque, periodontitis | Fusobacterium, Parvimonas, Peptostreptococcus, Peptostreptococcaceae [XI] [G4] [XII] [G5], Gemella, Streptococcus, F. alocis, Veillonella, TM7, Terrahaemophilus, Corynebacterium, Lachnoanaerobaculum, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Alloprevotella, Brevundimonas, Microbacterium, Sphingomonas, Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Lactobacillus, Fretibacterium, Dialister, Pseudomonas, Tannerella, Eubacterium, Atopobium, Hemophilus, Neisseria, Enterobacter, Bergeyella, Treponema, PCR, FLX 16S pyrosequencing, PCA | ||
| M 40 ± 9.8 | Leptotrichia spp. | Normoglycemic non-smoker | Plaque, without periodontitis | Streptococcus, S. oralis, S. sanguinis, Neisseria, Selenomonas, Treponema, C. gracilis, C. matruchotii, F. nucleatum, G. sanguinis, G. adiacens, PCR, FLX 16S pyrosequencing, PCA | ||
| M 49.2 ± 3.8 | Leptotrichia spp., L. goodfellowii | Hyperglycemic non-smoker, diabetic | Plaque, without periodontitis | Peptostreptococcus, Peptostreptococcaceae [XI] [G4] [XII] [G5], Gemella, G. sanguinis, Parvimonas, Fusobacterium, F. nucleatum, Streptococcus, S. oralis, S. sanguinis, Veillonella, TM7, Terrahaemophilus, Campylobacter, C. gracilis, F. alocis, Lactobacillus, Lachnoanaerobaculum, Fretibacterium, G. adiacens, Porphyromonas, Stenotrophomonas, Brevundimonas, Pseudomonas, Bergeyella, Corynebacterium, C. matruchotii, Stenotrophomonas, Alloprevotella, Microbacterium, Enterobacter, Treponema, Eubacterium, Acinetobacter, Prevotella, Atopobium, Tannerella, Dialister, PCR, FLX 16S pyrosequencing, PCA | ||
| M 41.3 ± 6.3 | Leptotrichia spp., L. wadei | Normoglycemic smoker | Plaque, without periodontitis | Streptococcus, S. oralis, S. sanguinis, Neisseria, Selenomonas, Treponema, C. gracilis, F. nucleatum, Alloprevotella, Stenotrophomonas, C. matruchotii, G. sanguinis, Brevundimonas, Terrahaemophilus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, G. adiacens, Enterobacter, Bergeyella, PCR, FLX 16S pyrosequencing, PCA, | ||
| 220 | M/F 40 | Leptotrichia | Normal, smoker | Oral cavity swab samples | Streptococcus, Veillonella, Gemella, Granulicatella, Neisseria, Haemophilus, Selenomonas, Fusobacterium, Lachnoanaerobaculum, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, PCR, cloning, RFLP analysis, 16S rDNA sequencing, MOTHUR, AMOVA | [91] |
| M/F 54 | Leptotrichia | Oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD), smoker, drinker | Oral cavity swab samples | Streptococcus, Veillonella, Gemella, Granulicatella, Neisseria, Haemophilus, Selenomonas, Fusobacterium, Lachnoanaerobaculum, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, PCR, cloning, RFLP analysis, 16S rDNA sequencing, MOTHUR, AMOVA | ||
| M/F 60 | Leptotrichia | Oral cancer, smoker, drinker | Oral cavity swab samples | Streptococcus, Veillonella, Gemella, Granulicatella, Neisseria, Haemophilus, Selenomonas, Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, Lachnoanaerobaculum, Prevotella, PCR, cloning, RFLP analysis, 16S rDNA sequencing, MOTHUR, AMOVA | ||
| 223 | M 4.2 ± 0.5 | Leptotrichia spp. | Healthy children without mite sensitization | Oropharyngeal swabs | Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, Actinobacteria, Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Prevotella, Moraxella spp., Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, Parvimonas PCR, MiSeq sequencing | [92] |
| M 4.4 ± 0.4 | Leptotrichia spp. | Mite-sensitized children with rhinitis | Oropharyngeal swabs | Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, Actinobacteria, Streptococcus, Haemophilus spp., Neisseria spp., Porphyromonas, Moraxella spp., Fusobacterium, Parvimonas PCR, MiSeq sequencing | ||
| M 4.6 ± 0.3 | Leptotrichia spp. | Mite-sensitized children with asthma | Oropharyngeal swabs | Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, Actinobacteria,Streptococcus, Haemophilus spp., Neisseria spp., Moraxella species, Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, Parvimonas PCR, MiSeq sequencing | ||
| 226 | M/F 57 | L. wadei, L. wadei (HOT-222) | Placebo group, exacerbation-prone severe asthma, lower respiratory tract infections | Oropharyngeal swabs | L. orale, L. mirabilis, M. micronuciformis, O. sinus, S. moorei, TM7 [G-1] sp., G. sanguinis (HOT-757), Prevotella, P. melaninogenica (HOT-469), P. pallens (HOT-714), N. flavescens (HOT-610), G. adiacens (HOT-534), V. atypica (HOT-524), Streptococcus spp., S. mitis/pneumoniae (HOT-677), S. parasanguinis (HOT-411), S. salivarius, S. salivarius (HOT-755), F. periodonticum (HOT-201), A. graevenitzii (HOT-866), H. parainfluenzae (HOT-718), PCR, 454 pyrosequencing, PCA | [93] |
| M/F 48 | L. wadei, Leptotrichia spp. (HOT-417 and HOT-225), L. hofstadii (HOT-224), L. wadei (HOT-222) | AZ responders, exacerbation-prone severe asthma, lower respiratory tract infections | Oropharyngeal swabs | L. orale, L. mirabilis, M. micronuciformis, O. sinus, S. moorei, TM7 [G-1] sp., M. catarrhalis, H. influenza, H. parainfluenzae, H. parainfluenzae (HOT-718), A. graevenitzii (HOT-866), G. sanguinis (HOT-757), Streptococcus, S. parasanguinis (HOT-411), S. pneumonia, S. mitis/pneumoniae (HOT-677), S. salivarius, S. salivarius (HOT-755), G. adiacens (HOT-534), M. faucium, M. lipophilum, M. salivarium, Prevotella, P. melaninogenica (HOT-469), P. pallens (HOT-714), V. atypica (HOT-524), F. periodonticum (HOT-201), F. nucleatum (HOT-200), N. flavescens (HOT-610), PCR, 454 pyrosequencing, PCA | ||
| M/F 48 | L. wadei, L. wadei (HOT-222) | AZ non-responders, exacerbation-prone severe asthma, lower respiratory tract infections | Oropharyngeal swabs | L. orale, L. mirabilis, M. micronuciformis, O. sinus, S. moorei, TM7 [G-1] sp., M. catarrhalis, H. influenza, H. parainfluenzae, H. parainfluenzae (HOT-718), A. graevenitzii (HOT-866), Streptococcus, S. parasanguinis (HOT-411), S. pneumonia, S. mitis/pneumoniae (HOT-677), S. salivarius, S. salivarius (HOT-755), V. atypica (HOT-524), N. flavescens (HOT-610), M. faucium, M. lipophilum, M. salivarium, Prevotella, P. melaninogenica (HOT-469), P. pallens (HOT-714), F. nucleatum (HOT-200), F. periodonticum (HOT-201), G. adiacens (HOT-534), G. sanguinis (HOT-757), PCR, 454 pyrosequencing, PCA | ||
| 229–231 | M/F 42.0 ± 14.6 | Leptotrichia spp. | Normal, MBL | Saliva | Veillonella, Haemophilus, TM7, Tenericutes, Neisseria, Oribacterium, Rothia, Selenomonas [G-3], Alloprevotella, Prevotella, Prevotella [G-7], Actinomyces, Lautropia, Granulicatella, Selenomonas, Capnocytophaga, Porphyromonas, Fusobaterium, Gemella, Streptococcus, PCR, 16S MiSeq sequencing | [94] |
| M/F 45.0 ± 14.1 | Leptotrichia spp. | Moderate, MBL | Saliva | Treponema, TM7, Tenericutes, Neisseria, Oribacterium, Selenomonas [G-3], Selenomonas, Porphyromonas, Fusobaterium Capnocytophaga, Lautropia, Granulicatella, Gemella, Alloprevotella, Prevotella, Rothia, Haemophilus, Veillonella, Prevotella [G-7], Actinomyces, Streptococcus, P. gingivalis, T. denticola, PCR, 16S MiSeq sequencing | ||
| M/F 52.3 ± 15.9 | Leptotrichia spp. | Severe, MBL | Saliva | Treponema, TM7, Tenericutes, Streptococcus, Lautropia, Capnocytophaga, Neisseria, Oribacterium, Actinomyces, Prevotella [G-7], Porphyromonas, P. gingivalis, Prevotella, Alloprevotella, Selenomonas [G-3], Selenomonas, T. denticola, Fusobaterium, Granulicatella, Gemella, Haemophilus, Veillonella, Rothia, PCR, 16S MiSeq sequencing |
A, adult; ABL, alveolar bone loss; AC, acute chorioamnionitis; ABCOPD, acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; AML, acute myelogenous leukemia; AMOVA, analysis of molecular variance; BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; BC, bladder cancer; BOP, bleeding on probing; BPES, black pigmented extrinsic stain; CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; CF, caries free; CLSM, confocal scanning laser microscopy; D, died; DI, diabetes; DO, days old; DS, dyspeptic symptoms; DU, duodenal ulcer; EG, erythematous gastropathy; F, females; GC, gas chromatographic; GCF, gingival crevicular fluid; GRD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; GU, gastric ulcer; H, healthy; HF, heart failure; HH, hiatal hernia; HNSCC, head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma; hrHPV, high-risk human papillomavirus; HSCT, hematopoietic stem-cell transplant; HTS, high-throughput sequencing; IMS, immunosuppression; M, male; MALDI-TOF MS, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry; MA, metabonomic analysis; MBL, marginal bone loss; MST, metagenome sequencing technology; MLD, mild liver dysfunction; mo, months; MY, months – years; NF, neutropenic fever; NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma; NTB, new tuberculosis; OPSCC, oropharyngeal squamous-cell carcinoma; PA, peritonsillar abscess; PBSB, peripheral blood smear blasts; PBSCT, peripheral blood stem-cell transplant; PCA, principal component analysis; PEDV, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; PFGE, pulse field gel elctrophoresis; qPCR, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction; R, recovery; RD, respiratory distress; RE, reflux esophagitis; RSRTWI, redness-swelling – right tonsil-incision wound; RT, renal transplant; RTB, recurrent tuberculosis; SD, subsequently died; T, transgender; TFTB, treatment failure tuberculosis; UGIB, upper gastrointestinal bleeding; UK, unknown; US, unspecified; w, week.