Table 2.

Connected speech measures

Measure	Definition
Words per minute	the total number of words produced divided by the time spent speaking; neologisms and other errors were included, while filled pauses, false starts, and retraced sequences were not included.
Phonological errors	phonemic paraphasias or neologisms (per hundred words, log-transformed); these may reflect retrieval of word forms but more often indicate phonemic encoding problems. Examples:
	and he's playing with a [kaɪp]. (phonemic paraphasia, nonword)
	and they're maybe out paying in <the> uh the water. (phonemic paraphasia, real word)
	listening to the radio eating a [pɪtnɪs]. (neologism with known target)
Impaired lexical access	word-level semantic errors, neologisms with unknown targets, incomplete utterances, empty speech, circumlocution, semantically anomalous utterances (per hundred words, log-transformed). Examples:
	and here's a house with a chair. (word-level semantic error: chair for car)
	an(d) uh a car with <a v-> a [vaɪg]. (neologism with unknown target)
	um and then there's two people sitting on I think on like… (incomplete utterance)
	that are just all kinds of things. (empty speech)
	and further out there is an individual that is sitting on some sort of floating device that um he can protrude himself to the water on. (circumlocution)
	and then you go down <to> towards the water you'll find a couple pieces t- ˄- to the water. (semantically anomalous utterance)
Words per utterance	the total number of words divided by the number of utterances
Embedded clauses	embedded clauses were required to contain a subject or a finite verb form; multiple embeddings per utterance could be counted (per hundred words). Example:
	I assume it's the man who's reading his book.
Morphosyntactic errors	agrammatic utterances, paragrammatic utterances, word-level morphological errors, omitted words, errors in formal lexical devices (e.g. incorrect determiners) (per hundred words, log-transformed). Examples:
	reading. glasses. um car parked in driveway. (agrammatic)
	the rest of <the front> the front available for ð- ð- cutting of the you know to fill the <flower> flower bed. (paragrammatic)
	the man and the woman is sailing the sailboat. (morphological)
	there's kid flying a kite. (omitted word)
Proportion closed class	the number of closed class items divided by the total number of open and closed class items. Examples:
	an(d) I think this and this and this. (increased proportion of closed class words)
	child. kite. dog. (decreased proportion of closed class words)
Filled pauses	um, uh, and er (per hundred words, log-transformed)
False starts	words that were abandoned after only one or two phonemes had been produced (per hundred words, log-transformed). Example:
	and there is a deck raɪ- right here on the ocean or on the bay.
Retraced sequences	sequences of one or more complete words that were made redundant by subsequent repetitions, amendments, elaborations or alternative expressions (per hundred words, log-transformed). Example:
	um <there are> there are trees <to the> <the> um uh adjacent to the lake.

Conventions in examples: angled brackets indicate retraced material; hyphens indicate false starts