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. 2017 Oct 18;7:13500. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13373-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of DPC-S or DPC-FS transplantation on the locomotor function of rats with complete-transected spinal cord and on axonal regeneration in the injury sites. (a) Locomotor function of the hind limbs was evaluated weekly for 7 weeks after injury. The values are expressed as the mean ± SE (n = 10 for each group). Significant differences from the control group (spinal cord injured rat with PBS injection) were determined using two-way repeated measure ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparison test. ***p < 0.0001; n = 10 for each group. (b–g) Fluorescence photomicrographs of sagittal spinal cord sections of SCI/DPC-S (d,e), SCI/DPC-FS (f,g) transplantation, or with PBS-injection (b,c) as a relative control. Sections immunostained for GAP-43 (green) and GFAP (red) were merged. Boxed areas in (b,d,f) are enlarged in (c,e,g), respectively. Note that the number of GAP-43–positive regenerative axons penetrating into GFAP-positive caudal tissues of rat spinal cord was higher with DPC-FS and lower with DPC-S transplantation. Such GAP-43–positive axons were rarely detected in the spinal cord of the relative control. Scale bar, 500 μm; double bars, 100 μm.