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. 2017 Oct 18;7:13479. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14080-x

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Testing bacterial endophytes from seeds of diverse wild, ancient and modern genotypes of corn (genus Zea) for growth promotion of P-hyperaccumulating annual ryegrass. (A) Geographic origin of Zea seeds used as sources of endophytes in this study. The map image was modified from a photo created by Nicolas Raymond, available at https://www.flickr.com/photos/80497449@N04/10012162166/ and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/) and available at http://freestock.ca/flags_maps_g80-world_map__abstract_acrylic_p2970.html and released under a standard Creative Commons License - Attribution 3.0 Unported, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en_US). (B) Colonies of bacterial endophytes on R2A agar. (C) Annual ryegrass plants from 3F11 coated seeds grown on rock P containing medium as the sole P source. (D) Root biomass after 4–5 weeks of growth. Shown are 4 independent trials (n = 3 plants for trial 1; n = 7 for trial 2; n = 15 for trials 3 and 4). The black asterisk indicates that the mean is significantly different at p = 0.05 from the control (No endophyte treatment). The green asterisk indicates significance at p = 0.1. (E) San Cristobal volcano (the geographic origin of Zea nicaraguensis, the host from which endophyte 3F11 was isolated). The volcano image was modified from a photo created by Jorge Mejia Peralta, available at https://www.flickr.com/photos/mejiaperalta/9345658009/in/photostream/ and attributed to Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/). (F) Seeds of Zea nicaraguensis. Scale bar is 10 mm. (G,H). Testing for P solubilization by endophyte 3F11 in vitro. (G) Graph showing the concentration of solubilized P. (H) Tubes of NBRIP liquid medium containing insoluble P, either (left) uninoculated or (right) 9 days after inoculation with 3F11 showing clearing. The histograms represent the mean, and the error bars represent the standard error of the mean (SEM).