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. 2017 Oct 18;7:13494. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13994-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Diagrams illustrating the two major findings of this study. (a) Mutually exclusive expression patterns of PEG10 and TGF-β/BMP signalling molecules (p-SMADs), as well as differential expression of SOX9, which discriminate between enchondroma and chondrosarcoma (broken borderline), might be used for differential diagnosis of chondrosarcoma and enchondroma. COL2A1 might be a marker to distinguish grade 2 from grade 1 chondrosarcomas. (b) TGF-β signalling inhibits expression of PEG10, while PEG10 interferes with both SMAD pathways of TGF-β and BMP. Therefore, TGF-β signalling and PEG10 are mutually inhibitory in chondrosarcoma cells.