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. 2017 Oct 18;7:13433. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13538-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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HEK293T cells in different stages of starvation. (a–d) Laboratory x-ray absorption microscopy of HEK cells with increasing starvation. (a) Slightly starved cell with lamellipodia (lp) spread across the carbon grid and few and small (0.37 µm diam) carbon-dense vesicles (cd). (b) Early-stage starvation results in rounding of cell shape, decreasing adhesion and lamellipodia, and growth in number of carbon-dense vesicles. (c) Increasing starvation results in strong increase in number as well as diameter (0.88 µm diam) of carbon-dense vesicles. (d) A highly starved HEK 293 T cell showing a few nuclear envelopes (ne), nucleoli (n), and large carbon-dense vesicles. (e–h) Confocal imaging of HEK293T cells at approximately same stages of starvation, for comparison. Here the cells have been stained for nucleus (blue), membranes (green) and acidic organelles (red).The fluorescent images are overlaid on the grey DIC image. Scale bars 10 µm.