Table 3.
Numbers and definition of the used landmarks. No., landmark number as depicted in Fig. 4.
| No. | Cranial landmarks |
|---|---|
| 1 | Dorsal interpremaxillary suture, inferiormost point of the bony septum between the upper central incisors (dorsal) |
| 2 | Premaxillary-maxillary suture, inferiormost point, left side (dorsal) |
| 3 | Premaxillary-maxillary suture, inferiormost point, right side (dorsal) |
| 4 | Nasal bone, anterior tip, left side (dorsal) |
| 5 | Nasal bone, anterior tip, right side (dorsal) |
| 6 | Intersection of nasal, maxillary, and frontal bones, left side (dorsal) |
| 7 | Intersection of nasal, maxillary, and frontal bones, right side (dorsal) |
| 8 | Infraoribtal foramen, superiormost point, left side (dorsal) |
| 9 | Infraoribtal foramen, superiormost point, right side (dorsal) |
| 10 | Zygomatic process of maxilla, posterior tip, left side (dorsal) |
| 11 | Zygomatic process of maxilla, posterior tip, right side (dorsal) |
| 12 | Fossa for lacrimal sac, inferior margin, left side (dorsal) |
| 13 | Fossa for lacrimal sac, inferior margin, right side (dorsal) |
| 14 | Zygomatic process of frontal bone, tip, left side (dorsal) |
| 15 | Zygomatic process of frontal bone, tip, right side (dorsal) |
| 16 | Bregma, intersection of interfrontal, interparietal, and frontoparietal sutures (dorsal) |
| 17 | Inion, highest projection of the external occipital protuberance (dorsal) |
| 18 | Jugo-squamosal suture, inferior intersection, left side (dorsal) |
| 19 | Jugo-squamosal suture, inferior intersection, right side (dorsal) |
| 20 | Zygomatic process, highest projection, left side (dorsal) |
| 21 | Zygomatic process, highest projection, right side (dorsal) |
| 22 | Dorsal ethmoidal foramen, inferior margin left side (dorsal) |
| 23 | Dorsal ethmoidal foramen, inferior margin, right side (dorsal) |
| 24 | Ventral interpremaxillary suture, anteriormost point of the bony septum between the upper central incisors (ventral) |
| 25 | Major palatine foramen, posterior margin, right side (ventral) |
| 26 | Major palatine foramen, posterior margin, left side (ventral) |
| 27 | Interpalatine suture, posteriormost point (ventral) |
| 28 | Presphenoid, anterior tip (ventral) |
| 29 | Palatine-pterygoid suture, inferiormost edge, right side (ventral) |
| 30 | Palatine-pterygoid suture, inferiormost edge, left side (ventral) |
| 31 | Hypoglossal canal, posterior margin, right side (ventral) |
| 32 | Hypoglossal canal, posterior margin, left side (ventral) |
| 33 | Basion, ventral margin of the foramen magnum (ventral) |
| 34 | Opisthion, dorsal margin of the foramen magnum (ventral) |