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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Psychiatr Res. 2017 Mar 4;91:145–148. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.03.003

Table 2.

The Association Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and the Mean-level and Trajectory of Parent, Teacher, and Self-reported Externalizing and Internalizing Symptomatology

Older Cohort
Younger Cohort
Intercept Slope Intercept Slope
Parent Report Parent Report
Hyperactivity .47 (.08; .31, .63)** .01 (.01; −.01, .03) .42 (.09; .24, .60)** .02 (.02; −.02, .06)
Peer Problems .26 (.05; .16, .36)** .01 (.01; −.01, .03) .22 (.06; .10, .34)** .03 (.01; .01, .05)*
Conduct Problems .36 (.05; .26, .46)** −.01 (.00; .00, .00)* .25 (.06; .13, .37)** .00 (.01; −.02, .03)
Emotional Symptoms .13 (.06; .01, .25)* .02 (.01; .00, .04)** .11 (.07; −.03, .25) .04 (.01; .02, .06)**
Total Problems 1.22 (.19; .85, 1.59)** .03 (.02; −.01, .07) 1.00 (.21; .59, 1.41)** .09 (.03; .03, .15)**
Prosociality −.20 (.06; −.32, −.08)** .01 (.01; −.01, .03) −.03 (.07; −.11, .11) .01 (.01; −.01−.03)
Teacher Report Teacher Report
Hyperactivity .55 (.09; .37, .73)** .05 (.01; .03, .07)** .49 (.10; .29, .69)** .06 (.02; .02, .10)*
Peer Problems .26 (.05; .16, .36)** .01 (.01; −.01, .03) .19 (.06; .07, .31)** .05 (.02; .01, .09)**
Conduct Problems .33 (.05; .23, .43)** .03 (.01; .01, .05)** .30 (.06; .18, .42)** .04 (.01; .02, .06)*
Emotional Symptoms .18 (.05; .08, −18)** .03 (.01; .01, .05)** .08 (.06; −.04, .20) .07 (.02; .03, .11)**
Total Problems 1.34 (.19; .97, 1.71)** .12 (.03; .07, .17)** 1.06 (.22; .63, 1.49)** .21 (.05; .11, .31)**
Prosociality −.39 (.07; −.53, −.25)** −.05 (.01; −.07, −.03)** −.30 (.08; −.46, −.14)** −.08 (.02; −.12, −.04)**
Self Report Self Report1
Hyperactivity .41 (.09; .23, .59)** .03 (.03; −.03, .09) .33 (.12; .09, .56)** –
Peer Problems .36 (.06; .24, .48)** .06 (.02; .02, .10)* .34 (.09; .16, .52)** –
Conduct Problems .38 (.06; .26, .50)** .01 (.02; −.03, .05) .38 (.09; .20, .56)** –
Emotional Symptoms .41 (.08; .25, .57)** .06 (.03; .00, .12) .15 (.12; −.08, .38) –
Total Problems 1.57 (.23; 1.12, 2.02)** .16 (.07; .02, .30)* 1.20 (.31; .59, 1.81)** –
Prosociality −.22 (.06; −.34, −.10)** −.05 (.02; −.09, −.01)* −.08 (.09; −.26, .10) –

Note. N=3,841 for the older cohort and N=3,714 for the younger cohort. Estimates are from hierarchical linear models controlling for the demographic and social covariates.

1

The estimates for the self-reports from the younger cohort are unstandardized beta coefficients (standard errors) from linear regression, controlling for the demographic and social covariates.