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. 2017 Oct 17;113(8):1795–1806. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.08.031

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Some membrane buds grew into tubules extending away from the glass coverslip (Fig. S3). In the absence of CTxB, the supported bilayer was flat as shown by the random distribution of localizations in the membrane channel (A), and the absence of localizations in the CTxB channel (F). The budding process started with (B) a membrane bud and (G) small clusters of CTxB (rbud < 100 nm). Over time, (C) a ring of DiI localizations formed as the bud top extended away from the coverslip and (D and E) the ring widened with an increasing tubule diameter. (H–J) Membrane bending was driven by CTxB accumulation at the base of the tubule where the negative Gaussian membrane curvature was present. The scale bar represents 100 nm.