Table 1.

Novice teen driving safety programs: do they improve safety? Evidence, potential and limitations.

Program	Goals	Evidence of Safety Benefit	Potential	Limitations
Graduated Driver Licensing Systems (GDLS)	Limit exposure	Substantial evidence	Population impact, strict limits are better; enforcement is lax	Policy balance between safety and mobility; limited to a few countries
Driver education	Vehicle management; prepare for license tests	Many evaluations show no safety benefits	Mandatory in some jurisdictions, popular program; potential innovations identified	Few practice hours; not linked to GDLS or parent supervision and management
Practice driving	Provide experience; improve skills	Few evaluations	Extensive practice; consistent with effective parenting practices	Little evidence of higher order instruction or emphasis on independent driving norms, expectations
Parental management	Limit exposure; set expectations	Benefits shown in few studies; low participation	Parents can, but do not set limits; low parent participation; could be linked to driver education and GDLS	Low parent enthusiasm and participation