Figure 1.

A schematic representation of B. licheniformis SA03-induced saline-alkaline tolerance in Chrysanthemum plants. The inoculation with SA03 mitigates adverse impacts caused by saline-alkaline stress in plants by modulating cellular ABA levels. Soil inoculation triggered a series of adaptive mechanisms such as increased antioxidant enzymatic activities, increased Fe acquisition, and decreased Na⁺ accumulation in plants, which were primarily associated with NO-mediated signaling pathways. Red upright arrows indicate increase in effects.