Table 1.

Summary of the experimental conditions of the literature reviewed.

NP properties				Exposure conditions				Biological effects (mg/L)	Ref
NP core	NP Size	NP Coating		Exposure Concentration	Stage	Exposure Media	Exposure Duration
Meatal NPs
	60	Bare, Sulfidized		0.35, 1.50 mg/L	L1	K-medium, MHRW ± food	24, 48, 72 h	EC30reprod,bare=0.35 EC30reprod,sulfidized= 1.5	[40]
	25	Citrate		0.1–1.5 mg/L	YA	MHRW, no food	24 h	LC50=0.55	[37]
	60	Bare, Sulfidized		0.5–3, 3–9 mg/L	L3 / L4	MHRW ± food	24 h	LC50,bare=0.0725 LC50,sulfidized=4.612	[39]
	8–38	Bare, Citrate, PVP		0.15–5 mg/L	YA	MHRW, no food	24 h	LC50, CIT(25nm)=0.55 LC50, bare(20nm)=0.017 LC50, PVP(8nm)=0.36 LC50, PVP(38nm)=0.28	[35]
	2, 5, 10	mPEG-SH		1–100 mg/L	L1	NGM, food	24 h	NA(sublethal doses)	[60]
	8–38	PVP, bare		0–6.5 mg/L	YA	MHRW, no food	24 h	LC50, bare(20nm)=0.04 LC50, PVP(8nm)=0.61 LC50, PVP(38nm)=3.26	[38]
	1–75	Citrate, PVP, Gum Arabic		0–15 mg/L	L1	MHRW, food	72 h growth or 24 h lethality	EC50growth, PVP(8nm)=0.9 EC50growth, PVP(38nm)=0.4 EC50growth, PVP(21nm)=4.3 EC50growth, PVP(75nm)=1 1.7 EC50growth, CIT(7nm)=3.3 EC50growth, GA(5nm)=0.1 EC50growth, GA(22nm)=0.3	[36]
	1–75	Citrate, PVP, Gum Arabic		0–15 mg/L	L1	K-medium, food	72 h growth or 24 h lethality	EC50qrowth, PVP(8nm)=1.4 EC50growth, PVP(38nm)=1.8 EC50growth, PVP(21nm)=50 EC50growth,PVP(75nm)=45 EC50growth, CIT(7nm)=40 EC50growth, GA(5nm)=0.9 EC50growth, GA(22nm)=1.5	[36]
	14~20	N.S.		0.1, 1 mg/L	3d A	K-medium, no food	48 h	EC20reprod(72h)=0.05	[61]
	20–30	N.S.		0.1–1 mg/L	3d A	K-medium, no food	4, 24, 72 h	EC50reprod(72h)=0.1	[58]
	10–30	Citrate		0–1000 mg/L	L3	NGM agar	24, 48 h	LC50(24h)=55 EC50reprod(48h)=1	[62]
	1,28	Bare, PVP		0–10, 0–3 mg/L	L2	K-medium ± food	24, 48, 72 h	LC50,1nm(72h) = 13.9 LC50,28nm(72h)=2.8	[59]
	10–75	Citrate, PVP		0–104 mg/L	L1	K-medium, food	24, 72 h	EC50growth(72h), CIT(7nm)=1 6 EC50growth(72h),PVP(21nm)=22 EC50growth(72h),PVP(75nm)=20	[33]
	14~20	N.S.		0.05–5 mg/L	3d A	K-medium, no food	24 h	EC20reprod(72h) =0.05	[23]
	10	N.S.		0–5·1011 NPs/ml	L1	NGM agar, food	48 h	NA(sublethal doses)	[41]
	4	Citrate		0–30 mg/L	L3	50% K-medium, no food	12 h	LC10=5.9	[32]
	11	Citrate		0–500 mg/L	L4	MilliQ water, no food	24 h	LC50=350	[63]
	2.4	Bare, TAT		500, 5 μM	L4	S medium, food	48 h/10 d	NA(prolonged lifespan)	[42]
	2.4	Bare		500 μM	L4	S medium, food	48 h	NA(prolonged lifespan)	[31]
Cu	23.5	N.S.		1.0·10−4 mol/L	L1	NGM agar, food	36 h	NA	[25]
Metal Oxide NPs
	25–35	Native, TRITC		2 g/cm2	YA	NGM agar, food	4 h	NA	[43]
	10	N.S.		100 mg/L 100 μg/L	YA / L1	NGM agar, food	YA: 24 h L1 : To A	NA	[44]
	30	N.S.		0–0.050 mg/L	L1	K-medium, food	To A	NA	[45]
	10	N.S.		0.020, 25 mg/L	YA	K-medium, food	24 h	NA	[28]
	50	N.S.		0–240 mg/L	L1	Ultrapure water, food	24 h / 5 d	LC50(24h) = 136	[46]
	7,20	N.S.		1 mg/L	3 d A	K-medium, no food	24 h	LC30(7nm) LC10(20nm)	[47]
	10, 50, 100	Fluorescent polymer		100–2000 mg/L	3 d A	Buffered K-medium, no food	24 h	LC50(10nm)=620 LC50(50nm)=900 LC50(100nm)=1 000	[48]
	30	Bare		0–50 mg/L	L1	NGM agar, food	48 h	NA	[49]
	30	N.S.		0–0.050 mg/L	L1	K-medium, food	To A	NA	[45]
	20	N.S.		0–8.1 mg/L	L1	Ultrapure water, food	24 h / 5 d	LC50(24h)=2.3	[46]
	1.5	N.S.		325, 1625 mg/L	4 d A	Buffered K-medium, no food	24 h	EC50reprod=635 LC50=789	[24]
CeO2	4		Dextran (+), (−), neutral	0–100 mg/L (L1) 0–1000 mg/L (L3)	L1, L3	MHRW, food ± HA	48 h	Dextran(+): LC50(L1)=15.5 LC50(L3)=272	[26]
	50		N.S.	0–94 mg/L	L1	MHRW, food	72 h	EC50=16	[50]
	15, 45		N.S.	1 mg/L	3 d A	K-medium, no food	24 h	LC20 (15 nm)=1 NA45 nm (sublethal)	[47]
	30		N.S.	0–0.050 mg/L	L1	K-medium, food	To A	NA	[45]
	50		Unlabeled, rhodamine, FITC	2500 mg/L	1 d A	NGM agar, food	24 h	NA	[51]
	50		Fluorescently abelled	250–5000 mg/L	L4	NGM agar, food	16 h	EC50reprod=5000	[52]
	60		N.S.	0–15.6 mg/L	YA	Modified K-medium, food	6, 48 h, 10 d	LC20(10d)=15.6	[53]
	60		N.S.	0–408 mg/L	L1	Ultrapure water, food	24 h, 5 d	LC50(24h)=82	[46]
	9		DMSA	0–1000 mg/L	L4 L1	K-medium, food	L4: 24 h L1: to A / 8 d	NA	[54]
	Variable		Soil-derived FeOx, variable coating	0–447 mg/L	L3 + L4	K-medium, food	6 h	EC50reprod=4–29	[27]
	6		Citrate, BSA	0–500 mg/L	L, A	MilliQ-water, no food	24 h	LC50(cit)= 600 LC50(bsa)=700	[34]

NP: nanoparticle; Stage: developmental stage of C. elegans; BSA: Bovine Serum Albumin; N.S.: Not specified; PVP: polyvinylpyrrolidone; PEG: polyethylene glycol; FITC: Fluorescein isothiocyanate; DMSA: dimercaptosuccinic acid; A: adult; L: larva; YA: young adult; MHRW: moderately hard reconstituted water; HA: humic acid; NGM: nematode growth media; d: day(s); h: hours. NA: Not available.