a, A patient with metastatic colorectal cancer (BRAF(G466V)) involving the liver was treated with panitumumab plus irinotecan. Their liver lesions (marked with arrows on CT scan) were compared before or after 4 months of drug treatment. b, c, PDX was established from a tumour biopsy specimen from the patient indicated in a. Drug response was monitored by measurement of the tumour sizes. Vemurafenib was given at 75 mg kg−1 twice per day, trametinib 1.5 mg kg−1 once daily. Cetuximab (50 mg kg−1) was given twice per week. Data in graphs are mean ± s.d., n =10. d, PDX was established from the progressing ovarian metastasis from a CDC patient. INC280 was given at 10 mg kg−1 twice per day, trametinib 1.5 mg kg−1 once daily. Data in graphs are mean ±s.d., n = 5. P value calculated by unpaired t-test.