Table 5. Bivariate analysis of educational, occupational and environmental risk factors (n = 1,086).

Exposure variables		n	Frequency of tungiasis		Presence of tungiasis		Presence of severe tungiasis (> 30 lesions)
			% (any)	(%) heavy	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Educationa	Primary school completed	133	6.8	0.8	Reference
	Primary school not completed	132	15.9	3.8	2.61 (1.15–5.93)	0.02	5.20 (0.60–45.10)	0.14
	Illiterate	122	19.7	0.8	3.37 (1.50–7.59)	0.003	1.09 (0.07–17.63)	0.95
Occupationa	Other occupation	113	8.8	0.9	Reference
	Farmer	179	15.6	1.1	1.91 (0.89–4.10)	0.10	1.27 (0.11–14.12)	0.85
	Unemployed	89	15.7	4.6	1.92 (0.81–4.56)	0.14	5.27 (0.58–48.02)	0.14
Religiona	None	19	26.3	0.0	Reference
	Muslim	76	5.3	0.0	0.16 (0.04–0.65)	0.01	0.25 (0.00–13.26)	0.50
	Christian	210	13.3	1.0	0.43 (0.14–1.29)	0.13	0.47 (0.02–10.09)	0.63
	Traditionist	76	21.1	6.6	0.75 (0.23–2.38)	0.62	3.00 (0.16–56.64)	0.46
Presence of domestic animals on compound	Dogs   Yes	300	26.3	4.3	1.11 (0.82–1.50)	0.52	1.23 (0.63–2.40)	0.55
	No	786	24.4	3.6	Reference
	Cats   Yes	260	26.5	3.5	1.12 (0.81–1.53)	0.50	0.89 (0.42–1.89)	0.76
	No	826	24.5	3.9	Reference
	Goats   Yes	633	28.3	3.9	1.55 (1.16–2.06)	0.003	1.12 (0.59–2.13)	0.72
	No	453	20.3	3.5	Reference
	Cows   Yes	339	28.3	3.8	1.29 (0.97–1.73)	0.08	1.02 (0.52–2.00)	0.94
	No	747	23.4	3.7	Reference
	Chicken   Yes	801	24.3	3.9	0.88 (0.65–1.20)	0.44	1.11 (0.54–2.29)	0.79
	No	285	26.7	3.5	Reference
	Ducks   Yes	215	25.6	4.7	1.04 (0.74–1.47)	0.81	1.32 (0.64–2.74)	0.45
	No	871	24.8	3.6	Reference
Access to health care
Time to reach the nearest health facility (min)	0–9	70	37.1	11.4	Reference
	10–19	192	21.9	2.1	0.47 (0.26–0.86)	0.01	0.16 (0.05–0.57)	0.004
	20–29	184	28.8	7.6	0.68 (0.38–1.22)	0.20	0.64 (0.26–1.60)	0.33
	30–59	436	23.9	2.1	0.53 (0.31–0.90)	0.02	0.16 (0.06–0.44)	0.001
	≥60	204	22.5	2.9	0.49 (0.27–0.88)	0.02	0.23 (0.08–0.70)	0.01

^a calculated for individuals ≥18 years (n = 388)