Table 2.
Characteristics of individuals with CKD overall and stratified by sleep symptoms and disorders
| Characteristic | Difficulty falling asleep |
Difficulty staying asleep |
Daytime sleepiness |
Nonrestorative sleep |
Restless legs syndrome |
Sleep apnea |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 233) |
No (n = 1219) |
Yes (n = 302) |
No (n = 1150) |
Yes (n = 242) |
No (n = 1220) |
Yes (n = 302) |
No (n = 1150) |
Yes (n = 195) |
No (n = 1257) |
Yes (n = 93) |
No (n = 1359) |
|
| Weighted (%) | 16.9 | 83.1 | 21.5 | 79.5 | 19.4 | 80.6 | 25.3 | 74.7 | 12.5 | 87.5 | 7.1 | 92.9 |
| Age (yr) | 59.8 ± 1.4 | 60.5 ± 0.9 | 62.2 ± 1.3 | 59.9 ± 0.9 | 59.3 ± 1.4 | 60.7 ± 1.0 | 56.8 ± 1.2 | 61.6 ± 1.0* | 62.7 ± 1.4 | 60.1 ± 0.8 | 58.9 ± 1.8 | 60.5 ± 0.8a |
| 18–44 | 22.3 | 22.2 | 17.7 | 23.5 | 24.2 | 21.7 | 27.0 | 20.6 | 18.7 | 22.7 | 22.0 | 22.2a |
| 45–64 | 27.5 | 28.7 | 29.9 | 28.2 | 28.9 | 28.4 | 32.3 | 27.3 | 31.9 | 28.1 | 37.9 | 27.8 |
| >65 | 50.2 | 49.0 | 52.5 | 48.4 | 46.9 | 50.0 | 40.7 | 52.1a | 49.4 | 49.2 | 40.1 | 49.9 |
| Female sex | 74.1 | 55.4a | 66.5 | 56.4a | 70.0 | 55.8a | 68.2 | 55.3a | 65.0 | 57.6 | 48.1 | 59.1 |
| Race or ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 75.7 | 74.3 | 81.8 | 72.6a | 81.4 | 73.0a | 79.3 | 72.9a | 77.9 | 74.1 | 77.8 | 74.3 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 10.2 | 11.5 | 9.1 | 11.9 | 8.6 | 11.9a | 8.2 | 12.3a | 8.2 | 11.7 | 12.5 | 11.2 |
| Mexican American | 3.6 | 7.3a | 5.3 | 7.0 | 4.6 | 7.2 | 4.5 | 7.4a | 7.4 | 6.6 | 2.8 | 7.0 |
| Other | 10.5 | 6.9 | 3.8 | 8.5a | 5.4 | 8.0 | 7.9 | 7.4 | 6.5 | 7.6 | 6.9 | 7.5 |
| Annual income <$20,000 | 27.5 | 22.4 | 25.3 | 22.7 | 28.3 | 22.1a | 25.6 | 22.5 | 32.8 | 21.9a | 17.5 | 23.7a |
| Education <high school | 29.2 | 25.1 | 27.8 | 25.2 | 29.2 | 25.0 | 22.6 | 26.9 | 32.2 | 24.9a | 17.8 | 26.4a |
| No health insurance | 12.6 | 11.4 | 10.7 | 11.8 | 10.1 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.5 | 12.2 | 11.5 | 4.4 | 12.1 |
| Current smoker | 26.2 | 15.2a | 24.8 | 15.0a | 23.3 | 15.6a | 25.6 | 14.2a | 26.3 | 15.8a | 16.7 | 17.1 |
| Hypertension | 60.6 | 56.1 | 62.5 | 55.3a | 64.5 | 55.0a | 60.4 | 55.6 | 75.2 | 54.2a | 78.7 | 55.2a |
| Diabetes | 29.6 | 27.2 | 28.0 | 27.5 | 34.2 | 26.0a | 33.4 | 25.7 | 35.7 | 26.6a | 49.0 | 26.0a |
| Congestive heart failure | 7.2 | 7.2 | 10.2 | 6.4a | 9.3 | 6.7 | 8.5 | 6.8 | 12.1 | 6.5a | 16.1 | 6.6a |
| Sleeping pill use | 25.9 | 8.9a | 20.3 | 9.5a | 21.4 | 9.4a | 22.2 | 8.2a | 24.8 | 9.9a | 16.2 | 11.4 |
| Depression (PHQ-9 ≥10) | 17.8 | 3.8a | 13.8 | 4.0a | 17.6 | 3.4a | 14.4 | 3.4a | 17.0 | 4.6a | 20.8 | 5.0a |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 134 ± 2 | 132 ± 1 | 135 ± 1 | 131.4 ± 0.7a | 132 ± 1 | 133 ± 1 | 132 ± 1 | 132 ± 1 | 134 ± 2 | 132 ± 1 | 130 ± 2 | 133 ± 1a |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 70 ± 2 | 69 ± 1 | 70 ± 1 | 69.1 ± 0.6 | 71 ± 1 | 68.9 ± 0.7 | 71 ± 1 | 69 ± 1 | 68 ± 1 | 70 ± 1 | 71 ± 1 | 69 ± 1 |
| BMI ≥30 kg/m2 | 42.1 | 40.6 | 40.4 | 41.1 | 44.8 | 39.9 | 45.4 | 39.3 | 51.2 | 39.4a | 84.7 | 37.5a |
| HbA1C (%) | 6.0 ± 0.1 | 6.0 ± 0.1 | 5.9 ± 0.1 | 6.0 ± 0.1 | 6.1 ± 0.1 | 6.0 ± 0.1 | 6.1 ± 0.1 | 5.9 ± 0.0 | 6.2 ± 0.1 | 6.0 ± 0.0a | 6.1 ± 0.1 | 6.0 ± 0.0 |
| TC ≥200 mg/dl | 51.7 | 43.2a | 46.9 | 44.0 | 48.2 | 43.8 | 48.3 | 43.3 | 42.6 | 44.9 | 27.7 | 45.8 |
| LDL-C ≥100 mg/dl | 63.5 | 55.3 | 56.1 | 56.7 | 56.1 | 56.7 | 57.6 | 56.2 | 53.5 | 57.0 | 33.3 | 58.8 |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 75.7 ± 2.4 | 74.0 ± 1.4 | 71.6 ± 2.3 | 75.1 ± 1.3 | 75.1 ± 2.5 | 74.1 ± 1.6 | 78.3 ± 2.0 | 73.0 ± 1.5* | 70.2 ± 2.9 | 74.9 ± 1.2 | 71.0 ± 3.7 | 74.6 ± 1.3 |
| Urine ACR | ||||||||||||
| <30 mg/g | 29.7 | 34.0 | 34.8 | 32.9 | 31.1 | 33.8 | 30.0 | 34.4 | 37.8 | 32.6 | 25.3 | 33.9a |
| 30–300 mg/g | 58.5 | 57.1 | 54.7 | 58.1 | 55.9 | 57.7 | 56.1 | 57.8 | 51.6 | 58.2 | 59.4 | 57.2 |
| >300 mg/g | 11.8 | 8.9 | 10.6 | 9.0 | 13.1 | 8.5 | 13.9 | 7.8a | 10.6 | 9.2 | 15.3 | 8.9 |
ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire for depression screening; TC, total cholesterol.
Values are expressed as weighted means ± SEs or weighted percentages.
a
P < 0.05.