Table 2.

Description of empathy-related dimensions

Measure	Description	Ratings	ICC
Empathic Concern	Facial, gestural, and vocal signs of sympathy and concern	1 – no signs of concern; may ignore examiner, show inappropriate affect, or otherwise seem unconcerned	.87
		2 – sobering of attention, slight concern expressed
		3 – moderate concern, relatively clear but brief change to sad/sympathetic affect
		4 – expressed clear facial concern and/or sympathetic vocal expression
Prosocial Behavior	Attempts to help the examiner	1 – no helping behavior or only after a direct prompt	.95
		2 – helped after multiple indirect prompts
		3 – helped after one indirect prompt
		4 – spontaneously began helping
Personal Distress	Physical/bodily signs of tension/anxiety	1 – no apparent distress, child appears relaxed	.95
		2 – brief, relatively minor tension or anxiety expressed, child is able to overcome quickly
		3 – moderate body tension/freezing or apparent anxiety, which may delay helping
		4 – significant distress as evident by prolonged body tension/freezing, significantly interrupts behavioral response

Note. ICC = Intra-class correlations (absolute agreement, single measure)