. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Autism Res. 2017 Jun 12;10(10):1621–1628. doi: 10.1002/aur.1819

Table 4.

Descriptive information by gender and ASD outcome

Empathic responding variable M (SD)	Male		Female
Empathic concern	2.19 (.98)		2.60 (.97)
Prosocial behavior	2.65 (1.07)		2.65 (1.28)
Personal distress	2.09 (1.07)		2.32 (1.05)
Parent report	4.83 (.89)		5.12 (.81)

Empathic responding variable EMM^* (SE)	Low risk/no ASD	High risk/no ASD	ASD

Empathic concern	2.42 (.19)	2.51 (.17)	1.69 (.32)
Prosocial behavior	2.44 (.22)	2.78 (.20)	2.70 (.37)
Personal distress	2.50 (.19)^a	2.28 (.17)^a	1.39 (.32)^b
Parent report	4.66 (.16)^b	5.33 (.14)^a	4.76 (.28)^ab

Note.

EMM = Estimated marginal means after adjusting for IQ. Parent report is the Empathy and Prosocial Response scale from Conscience Questionnaire (Kochanska et al., 1994). ASD = autism spectrum disorder. Groups with different superscripts significantly differ at p = .017 level (Bonferroni-corrected).