. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: Brain Imaging Behav. 2018 Apr;12(2):532–546. doi: 10.1007/s11682-017-9721-z

Table 1.

Significant ANCOVA interactions for between-group differences in FDG metabolic rates

		ASD vs. schizophrenia vs. normal controls	ASD vs. schizophrenia	ASD vs. normal controls	Schizophrenia vs. normal controls
Whole brain	g×BA	F_{82, 4797}=2.20, p<0.0000001 (0.0005)*	F_{41, 2583}=1.57, p<0.01 (0.35)	F_{41, 3157}=2.23, p=0.00001 (0.005)*	F_{41, 3813}=2.60, p<0.0000001 (0.01)
Frontal lobe	ME	F_{2, 117}=4.91, p=0.009			F_{1, 93}=9.88, p=0.002*
Frontal lobe	g×BA	F_{20, 1170}=2.54, p=0.0002 (0.002)*			F_{10, 930}=5.38, p<0.0000001 (0.0036)*
Parietal lobe	ME	F_{2, 117}=3.36, p=0.04		F_{1, 77}=4.51, p=0.037
Parietal lobe	g×BA	F_{14, 819}=3.47, p=0.000002 (0.000005)*	F_{7, 441}=1.99, p=0.055 (0.09)	F_{7, 539}=3.43, p=0.001 (0.000009)*	F_{7, 651}=5.70, p=0.000002 (0.00015)*
Occipital lobe	g×BA	F_{4, 234}=2.52, p=0.04 (0.05)			F_{2, 186}=3.90, p=0.02 (0.09)
Hippocampus	ME	F_{2, 117}=9.71, p=0.0001*		F_{1, 77}=13.76, p=0.0004*	F_{1, 93}=18.22, p=0.00005*
Hypothalamus	ME	F_{2, 117}=4.08, p=0.02	F_{1, 63}=7.05, p=0.01		F_{1, 93}=6.26, p=0.007
Mammilary bodies			F_{1, 63}=4.38, p=0.04
Thalamic nuclei
Lateral posterior	ME	F_{2, 117}=6.35, p=0.002*	F_{1, 63}=3.84, p=0.055		F_{1, 93}=10.85, p=0.001*
Ventral posteromedial	ME	F_{2, 117}=2.59, p=0.08			F_{1, 93}=5.10, p=0.026
Ventral posterolateral	ME	F_{2, 117}=4.34, p=0.015			F_{1, 93}=7.93, p=0.006
Pulvinar	ME	F_{2, 117}=4.06, p=0.02			F_{1, 93}=7.62, p=0.007
Mediodorsal	ME	F_{2, 117}=2.50, p=0.09			F_{1, 93}=4.07, p=0.047
Caudate subdivisions	g×R	F_{4, 234}=10.15, p<0.0000001 (0.000035)*		F_{2, 154}=6.41, p=0.002 (0.01)	F_{2, 186}=18.64, p<0.00000001 (0.000007)*
Head of the caudate	ME	F_{2, 117}=2.64, p=0.08			F_{1, 93}=4.92, p=0.03
Tail of the caudate	ME	F_{2, 117}=10.87, p=0.00005*		F_{1, 77}=9.69, p=0.003*	F_{1, 93}=25.79, p=0.000002*
Putamen	ME	F_{2, 117}=6.18, p=0.003*		F_{1, 77}=5.76, p=0.02	F_{1, 93}=11.62, p=0.001*
Medial globus pallidus	ME	F_{2, 117}=4.18, p=0.02		F_{1, 77}=7.80, p=0.007
Lateral globus pallidus	ME	F_{2, 117}=4.83, p=0.01		F_{1, 77}=8.52, p=0.005	F_{1, 93}=4.67, p=0.03
Claustrum	ME	F_{2, 117}=10.36, p=0.00007*		F_{1, 77}=13.14, p=0.0005*	F_{1, 93}=16.86, p=0.00009*
Amygdala	ME	F_{2, 117}=4.87, p=0.009		F_{1, 77}=7.48, p=0.008	F_{1, 93}=8.09, p=0.0055

For all higher-order ANCOVA interactions (i.e. other than the main effects) univariate p-values are followed by multivariate Wilks’ λ p-values in parentheses; p-values at trend level of significance (<0.1) are italicized. Abbreviations: ME – main effect of diagnostic group, g×R – group-by-region interaction, g×BA – group-by-Brodmann area interaction.

MANOVA interactions that met the Bonferroni correction are indicated by asterisks. The frontal and parietal lobe group×Brodmann area interactions met the Bonferroni criteria for four brain lobes and two hemispheres (0.05/8=0.00625). We chose all ANOVAs (three diagnostic groups and the 3 paired comparisons by four lobes, 4 x 4=16) as a divisor, but note that this correction could be considered to be spuriously failing to replicate published findings in schizophrenia and autism literature. For the 16 subcortical regions, at the p<0.05 level the three-group main effect was significant for 15 out of 16 tests, the main effect of group for healthy controls vs. schizophrenia comparisons was significant in 14 out of 16 tests, and the main effect of group for healthy controls vs ASD comparisons was significant in 9 out of 16 tests. The Bonferroni correction criterion for 16 subcortical regions was 0.00315 (0.05/16).