Table 2.

Status and management of Undaria pinnatifida within its non‐native range

Country	First recorded	Population status	Dedicated management plan	Summary of known management	Management aim	References
France	1971	Common in natural and anthropogenic habitats across current range. Active mariculture	None found	Mariculture limited to areas with already developed infrastructure and high Undaria abundance. Mariculture under strict control to prevent potential ecological impacts and further spread.	Inhibit range expansion	Antoine et al. (2012); Castric‐Fey et al. (1993)
New Zealand	1987	Common in natural and anthropogenic habitats across current range. Active mariculture	Sinner et al. (2000)	Surveillance and response to new infestations in high‐value areas, vector monitoring and control, prohibition of intentional release, controls on ballast water discharge, improved research, education, and public awareness	Inhibit range expansion	Russell et al. (2008); James et al. (2014)
Spain	1988	Common in natural and anthropogenic habitats across current range. Active mariculture.	None found	Undaria not included as an invasive or potentially invasive species within invasive alien species legislation.	Unmanaged	Baez et al. (2010); BOE (2013)
Australia	1988	Common in natural and anthropogenic habitats across current range	NSPMMPI (2015)	Reduce spread to high value areas, possible commercial harvest with tight biosecurity, modify dry‐dock timing to minimize sporophyte development, maintain integrity of native canopy algae, ballast water management, monitoring	Inhibit range expansion	Valentine and Johnson (2004); Primo et al. (2010)
Italy	1992	Largely confined to heavily modified environments and on artificial substrates	None found	None found	None found	Cecere et al. (2000); Curiel et al. (2001)
UK & ROI	1994	Confined to anthropogenic habitats in many locations. Common in natural habitats in parts of the south English and Welsh coast	None found	None found	None found	Heiser et al. (2014); Minchin and Nunn (2014); Wood, Bishop, and Yunnie (2015)
Portugal	1999	Found at only one marina and one natural reef site	None found	None found	None found	Veiga, Torres, Rubal, Troncoso, and Sousa‐Pinto (2014)
Belgium	1999	Uncertain. Likely to be predominantly in ports across current range	None found	None found	None found	Leliaert, Kerckhof, and Coppejans (2000); VLIZ (2011)
Holland	1999	Predominantly in anthropogenic habitats in the Wadden Sea. In natural and anthropogenic habitats in Oosterschelde	None found	Recommendations for a national coordinated management plan	Inhibit range expansion	Gittenberger and Stegenga (2013); Verbrugge et al. (2015)
USA	2000	Largely confined to anthropogenic habitats (Only two records on natural reef in 2001)	None found	Academic and citizen science led research and removal from marinas in California	Inhibit range expansion	Kaplanis et al. (2016)
Argentina	2000	Common in natural and anthropogenic habitats across current range	None found	Manual removal of macroscopic sporophytes and a regular monitoring program to track and eventually prevent its dispersal within one province	Inhibit range expansion	Dellatorre et al. (2014)
Mexico	2003	Isolated island population on natural reef	None found	None found	None found	Aguilar‐Rosas, Aguilar‐Rosas, Avila‐Serrano, and Marcos‐Ramirez (2004)