Figure 5.

A mutation for queen control may or may not be in conflict with workers' evolutionary interests. We set r = 1 without loss of generality, and we assume that the queen‐control allele eliminates workers' reproduction. If the efficiency loss from queen control is too severe (corresponding to values of r′ in the red region), then queen control does not evolve (or it invades without fixing, and a subsequent mutation acting in workers causes them to become fully reproductive again). If the efficiency loss or gain from queen control is moderate (corresponding to values of r′ in the green region), then queen control evolves, but a subsequent mutation acting in workers causes them to become fully reproductive again. If the efficiency gain from queen control is sufficiently large (corresponding to values of r′ in the blue region), then queen control evolves, and workers subsequently acquiesce by remaining nonreproductive. The lower boundary is given by Condition (2), and the upper boundary is given by (a) Condition (6) for n = 1, (b) Condition (10) for n = 1, (c) Condition (6) for n = 2, and (d) Condition (10) for n = 2. For this plot, we use Equation (5), and we set p′ = 1 and r = 1