Table 1.

Otter odour (VOCs) in relation to subpopulation, sex and age tested using PerMANOVA.

	df	SS	MS	Pseudo- F	R 2	P
Subpopulation	2	972	485.99	1.22	0.02	0.049*
Sex	1	1326	1325.95	3.32	0.03	0.001***
Age	2	2497	1248.26	3.12	0.05	0.001***
Subpopulation × Sex	2	1093	546.3	1.37	0.02	0.017*
Subpopulation × Age	4	1732	433.07	1.08	0.04	0.244
Sex × Age	2	1188	593.79	1.49	0.02	0.018*
Subpopulation × Sex × Age	2	770	385.21	0.96	0.02	0.57
Residuals	99	39557	399.56		0.81
Total	114	49134			1

df = degrees of freedom, SS = sum of squares, MS = mean squares. Bold font indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05) for both odour and genetic analyses. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Modelled on three of the four regions, with SW subpopulation excluded because data deficiency for males precluded the interaction term. Female reproductive status was included in a female only data model, the genetic region: reproductive status interaction was not significant so the results are not presented.