Fig. 1.

Antibody phage display. a In an antibody phage particle, the antibody gene and the function it encodes (antigen binding) are physically linked. This allows the affinity selection of monoclonal human antibodies in the test tube (a process named ‘panning’). b Panning in the presence of soluble competitor to deplete cross-reacting antibodies. c Panning under defined biochemical conditions selects only antibodies that are functional at these conditions. d Sequential panning rounds on two different but homologous antigens allow to functionally select antibodies that bind to a structural feature common to the two proteins.