Phenotype (compared with wild-type)	MOER	NOER	ERKO
Pituitary hormone secretion Luteinizing hormone increased Prolactin decreased	Yes	Yes	Yes
Increase in serum oestrogen levels	Yes	Yes	Yes
Decrease in serum progesterone levels	Yes	Yes	Yes
Abnormal ovarian development Abnormal follicles Lack of corpus lutea	Yes	Yes	Yes
Female infertility	Yes	Yes	Yes
Mammary gland maldevelopment and malfunction Lack of ductal branching Impaired end termini formation	Yes	Yes	Yes
Hypoplasia of uterine endometrium	Yes	Yes	Yes
Male infertility and sperm abnormalities	Yes	Yes	Yes
Impairment of oestrogen-induced protective response to arterial injury	Yes	No effect	Yes
Oestrogen-induced suppression of lipid synthesis in the liver and adipocytes	Yes	No effect	No effect
Visceral adiposity	Yes	Yes	Yes
Decreased total mRNA expression in various organs	Many various mRNAs	A few selected mRNAs	Most mRNAs