Abstract
Background
Chemoradiotherapy plays an important role in management of locally advanced head and neck cancers. This retrospective analysis was done to evaluate and compare acute toxicity profiles and early clinical outcomes in patients treated with conventional and arc techniques.
Methods
Fifty-five patients of head and neck cancers were evaluated. Thirty patients received conventional radiotherapy with 6 MV or cobalt 60 and 25 patients were treated with simultaneous integrated boost-volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy (SIB-VMAT) with dose prescription of 66 - 70 Gy. Concurrent chemotherapy was given as cisplatin injection at 40 mg/m2 weekly or 100 mg/m2 thrice weekly.
Results
The incidence of grade 3-4 mucositis was 56% versus 83.3% with SIB-VMAT and conventional treatments (P = 0.026). The incidence of grade 2-3 xerostomia was 44% versus 80% (P = 0.006) in the two groups. Grade 2 dysphagia was seen in 40% versus 80% (P = 0.008) favoring the arc treatments. Seventeen patients undergoing arc treatment had complete response compared to 14 in the conventional group (P = 0.040). The median disease-free survival (median ± standard error) was 16 months (11 ± 1.987 months) in the conventional and arc groups (P = 0.073).
Conclusion
SIB-VMAT shows a better toxicity profile and a trend towards better disease-free survival when compared to conventional radiotherapy in head and neck cancers.
Keywords: Radiotherapy, Head and neck, Toxicity
Introduction
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region constitutes one of the most common malignancies in the Indian subcontinent. As per Globocan, the estimated annual incidence of head and neck cancers in India is about 144,641 cases with a mortality of 105,247 cases [1]. Radiotherapy alone or in combination with chemotherapy forms an important modality of treatment in locally advanced head and neck cancers. It is estimated that only 36.3% of all cancer patients in our country have access to radiotherapy facilities and of these a large number receive conventional treatment on cobalt units [2]. Arc treatment is a relatively novel technique that allows for modulation of delivered dose rate, gantry speed and multi-leaf collimator shape while the radiation is delivered [3]. It leads to greater dose homogeneity within the treatment volume with equivalent critical organ sparing when compared to other conformal techniques but with a significant reduction in treatment time [4]. The simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) can be incorporated with arc treatments to further enhance the dosimetric advantage and shorten the overall treatment time [5]. Conventional radiotherapy in head and neck cancers has been delivered using 2D or 3D techniques using a combination of parallel opposed or three field portals with a shrinking field approach. The spectrum of acute toxicity during treatment includes radiation dermatitis, mucositis, dysphagia, neutropenia, weight loss, etc. Mucositis can generally be considered to be the dose limiting toxicity in head and neck cancer treatments. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy is associated with grade 3 and 4 toxicity ranging from 32-84% and 30% during treatment. Acute grade 3-4 mucositis, dysphagia, and dermatitis up to 19%, 16% and 16% have been reported in head and neck cancers treated with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) [6]. In this retrospective analysis, we have reported the incidence of acute toxicity and early clinical outcome observed in our cohort of head and neck cancer patients treated with SIB-VMAT and compared them to those treated with conventional radiotherapy.
Materials and Methods
The study involved a retrospective review of non-nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck treated in our department between March 2015 and September 2016. The analysis included a review of treatment records of 75 patients out of which toxicity data were available for 55 patients. Nasopharyngeal tumors, palliative treatment and re-irradiation patients were excluded from the analysis. The cohort included 35 patients who had received conventional radiotherapy and 25 patients who had undergone SIB-VMAT. The treatment characteristics for the study population are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Characteristics of the Study Cohort.
| Conventional radiotherapy, n (%) | SIB-VMAT, n (%) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 30 (54.55%) | 25 (45.45%) | |
| Age, median (range), years | 58 (35 - 70) | 52 (31 - 65) | 0.200 |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 2 (6.66%) | 6 (24%) | 0.069 |
| Male | 28 (93.33%) | 19 (76%) | |
| Disease subsite | |||
| Oral cavity | 8 (26.7%) | 6 (24%) | 0.027 |
| Oropharynx | 15 (50%) | 12 (48%) | |
| Hypopharynx | 5 (16.7%) | 4 (16%) | |
| Unknown primary | 1 (3.3%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Paranasal sinus | 1 (3.30%) | 3 (12%) | |
| Overall stage | |||
| I | 1(3.3%) | 1 (4%) | 0.333 |
| II | 5 (16.7%) | 0 (0%) | |
| III | 9 (30%) | 9 (36%) | |
| IV | 15 (50%) | 15 (60%) | |
| Chemotherapy | |||
| Weekly | 11 (36.7%) | 9 (36%) | 0.497 |
| Thrice weekly | 7 (23.3%) | 3 (12%) |
SIB-VMAT: simultaneous integrated boost-volumetric modulated arc therapy.
Conventional radiotherapy
For conventional treatments, all patients were immobilized using thermoplastic head and neck casts. Patients undergoing conventional radiotherapy received a dose ranging from 60 to 70 Gy by shrinking field treatment technique using 6 MV photons or cobalt 60. Bilateral parallel opposed portals were used to deliver the treatment with spinal cord shielding done at 40 Gy.
SIB-VMAT
Patients undergoing arc treatment underwent a contrast-enhanced computed tomography treatment planning scan with thermoplastic cast immobilization using a slice thickness of 3 mm. Patients were planned using 3 - 4 arcs with 6 MV photons. Treatment volumes for oropharyngeal cancers were defined as per RTOG 0022 protocol [7]. High risk PTV (PTV66) included gross tumor and nodal disease and received a dose of 66 Gy in 30 fractions. Intermediate risk (PTV60) included the GTV66 and nodal areas with a prescription of 60 Gy in 30 fractions using a margin of 10 mm from CTV60. For oral cavity and hypopharyngeal lesions, PTV70 received 70 Gy in 33 fractions and PTV59.4 received 59.4 Gy in 33 fractions and elective PTV54 received 54 Gy in 33 fractions [8].
Chemotherapy
Concurrent chemotherapy was given as infusion of injection cisplatin at 40 mg/m2 weekly or 100 mg/m2 thrice weekly along with radiotherapy.
Acute toxicity assessment
Acute toxicity was defined as that occurring within 90 days of treatment. All patients were evaluated weekly during the course of treatment using the common terminology criteria for adverse events v3.0 (CTCAE) [9]. Follow-up visits were at 1 month after completion of treatment and twice monthly thereafter.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v20). Descriptive statistics were generated for all variables under study. Statistical significance was determined using two-sided tests. Evaluation of clinical and treatment characteristics in conventional and arc cohorts was done using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables, and the t-test for continuous variables. Survival analysis was done using Kaplan-Meier method. The log-rank test was used to compare the outcomes between arc and conventional treatments. For statistical significance, P < 0.05 was considered. Response evaluation criteria for solid tumors (RECISTv1.1) [10] was used to categorize the overall response to treatment.
Results
Acute toxicity data of 47 males and 8 female patients was evaluated. The median age for the cohort was 55 years. Majority of patients evaluated were diagnosed with stage III and IV disease (87.27%). A comparable mean weight loss of 3.93 ± 5.56 and 3.04 ± 3.52 kg was seen in conventional and arc treatment groups (P = 0.49). Patients on conventional treatments had more treatment interruptions than in the arc group (P = 0.001) (Table 2).
Table 2. Treatment Interruptions in Conventional Radiotherapy and SIB-VMAT.
| Conventional radiotherapy (mean ± SD) | SIB-VMAT (mean ± SD) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OTT (days) | 52.93 ± 22.81 | 48.24 ± 5.0 | 0.31 |
| Treatment breaks (days) | 4.67 ± 8.19 | 1.0 ± 2.08 | 0.001 |
OTT: overall treatment time; SD: standard deviation.
The acute toxicity profile for patients under study is listed in Table 3. Grade 3-4 skin toxicity was seen in 16% versus 26.7% in the arc versus conventional groups (P = 0.340). Significantly less patients undergoing SIB-VMAT treatment developed grade 3-4 mucositis as compared to conventional treatment (56.0%% versus 83.3%, P = 0.026). The incidence of grade 2 xerostomia was 44% versus 80% (P = 0.006) in the two groups. Grade 2 dysphagia was seen in 40% versus 80% (P = 0.008) in the arc and conventional groups, respectively.
Table 3. Acute Toxicity Profile of Study Cohort.
| Variable | Grade of toxicity | Conventional radiotherapy | SIB-VMAT | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Radiation dermatitis | 3-4 | 26.7% | 16% | 0.340 |
| Mucositis | 3-4 | 83.3% | 56.0% | 0.026 |
| Xerostomia | 2-3 | 80.0% | 44.0% | 0.006 |
| Trismus | 3-4 | 6.7% | 4% | 0.440 |
| Dysphagia | 2-3 | 80.0% | 40.0% | 0.008 |
| Constipation | 2 | 6.7% | 0% | 0.330 |
| Fatigue | 2-3 | 6.7% | 16.0% | 0.227 |
| Insomnia | 2 | 3% | 0% | 0.214 |
| Pain | 2 | 36.7% | 20.0% | 0.175 |
| Dysgeusia | 2 | 66.7% | 76.0% | 0.448 |
Seventeen patients undergoing arc treatment had complete response compared to 14 in the conventional group (P = 0.040) (Table 4). The median disease-free survival (median ± standard error (SE)) was 16 ± 0.00 and 11 ± 1.987 months, respectively (Fig. 1) in the conventional and arc groups (P = 0.073).
Table 4. Overall Response to Treatment.
| Response | Conventional radiotherapy, n (%) | SIB-VMAT, n (%) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| CR | 14 (46.7%) | 17 (68%) | |
| Non-CR | 16 (53.3%) | 8 (32%) | 0.040 |
CR: complete response; non-CR: partial response, stable disease and progressive disease.
Figure 1.
Disease-free survival (DFS) for patients under study.
Discussion
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy is the standard of care for locally advanced head and neck cancers with a 5-year survival benefit of 8% over radiotherapy alone [11]. Both cobalt units and linear accelerators continue to be used for treatment of head and neck cancers in our country. The 95% depth dose for cobalt and 6 MV treatments occurs at 0.3 and 0.7 cm, respectively [12]. For a 10 × 10 cm open field, the surface dose for cobalt and 6 MV beams has been evaluated to be 18% and 21% of the Dmax dose, respectively [13].
Intensity modulation techniques have been shown to be equivalent and non-inferior for tumor control in head and neck cancers when compared to conventional treatments. However, toxicity profiles can show differences [14, 15]. Treatment planning using arc techniques has also been shown to be dosimetrically equivalent to seven field intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with similar sparing of organs at risk [16].
Trotti et al reported mucositis in 90% patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy out of which grade 3-4 mucositis was seen in 43% patients with treatment interruptions seen in 19% of cases [17]. Katsoulakis et al reported a rate of grade III mucositis or dysphagia in 38% and 13% on conventional radiotherapy and IMRT, respectively [18]. Lambrecht et al reported considerably less ≥ grade 3 mucositis in the IMRT patients compared to 3D conventional radiotherapy (32% vs. 44%, P = 0.03). A significantly less xerostomia ≥ grade 2 was seen in the IMRT group than in the 3D conventional radiotherapy group (23% vs. 68%, P < 0.001) [19]. The grade 3-4 skin reactions and mucositis observed in our study were 16%% and 56%, respectively in the VMAT group (P = 0.340 and P = 0.026). Acute xerostomia grade 2-3 was seen in 44% of our patients on VMAT treatment (P = 0.0006). Using CTCAE v3, Peng et al reported grade 1-4 xerostomia of 54.9%, 28.1%, 0% and 0%, and 42.6%, 54.2%, 3.2% and 0% for IMRT and 2D conventional radiotherapy, respectively at 6-month follow-up [20]. The PARSPORT trial also reported a lower incidence of worse than grade 2 xerostomia at 12 months in IMRT versus conventional radiotherapy (38% versus 74%, P = 0.002) [15]. An incidence of grade 2 or higher dysphagia of 10.5% vs. 3.6% was seen at 2 years with conventional and IMRT, respectively in oropharyngeal cancers [21]. Grade 2 dysphagia was seen in 40% of subjects on VMAT treatment (P = 0.008) in our analysis. A higher locoregional control rate at 3 years has been reported in hypopharyngeal cancers treated with IMRT versus 3D conventional radiotherapy (75% vs. 58%, P = 0.003) but with comparable overall survival rate [22].
Kerr et al reported an overall survival at 3 years of 75.6% versus 71.5% for IMRT and 3D conventional radiotherapy in oropharyngeal cancers with a better functional outcome in patients treated with IMRT [23]. A higher incidence of grade 2 fatigue (16%) and dysgeusia (76%) was seen in patients on VMAT treatment in our study. A higher incidence of fatigue has also been reported in patients undergoing conventional IMRT [15, 24]. Our results also showed a trend towards a better median disease-free survival of patients on rapid arc treatments versus conventional radiotherapy (16 versus 11 months).
This analysis is limited by the fact that it is a retrospective evaluation with an inhomogeneous population of patients and a short follow- up. Even though conventional treatments can be considered to be technically less superior to image-guided advanced techniques, a mixed clinical practice using both conventional and advanced radiotherapy techniques is still practiced in a lot of radiotherapy centers in developing countries like ours and understanding the toxicity profile helps in better management of these patients.
Conclusion
SIB-VMAT in head and neck cancer patients is associated with lower incidence of acute toxicities seen as compared to conventional radiotherapy and shows a trend towards better disease-free survival.
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