Table 3. Published series of endovascular treatment for PPH that included > 10 patients during a 6-year period.
| References | Published Year | Study Design | Patients (Male/Female) | Mean Age (Y) | Technical Success | Clinical Success | Recurrent Bleeding | Mortality Rate | Major Complications | Embolization Technique |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hasegawa T, [19] | 2017 | retrospective study | 28 (25/3) | 64.7 (range 40–82) | 100% | 75% (21/28) | 25% (7/28) | 28.6%(8/28) | 9 (32.1%) Hepatic failure (7) Hepatic abscess (4) Both (2) |
microcoils (n = 17) covered stents (n = 1) bare stent-assisted coil embolization (n = 5) catheter grafts with coil embolization (n = 5) |
| Hassold N, [20] | 2016 | retrospective study | 27 (23/4) | 60.8 (range 39–85) | stent graft group 88% (14/16) embolization group 91% (10/11) | stent graft group 81%(13/16) embolization group 100%(11/11); | stent graft group 12.5 (2/16) embolization group 0 % (0/11) | stent graft group 19% embolization group 30 % | stent graft group 56.3%(9/16) Intestinal ischemia (1) Multiorgan failure (4) Rebleeding (2) Rupture of pseudoaneurysm (1) Hepatic abscess (1) embolization group 54.5%(6/11) Hepatic failure (3) Spleen infarction (1) Hepatic abscess (2) | covered stents (n = 12) coils embolization (n = 9) covered stent-assisted coil embolization (n = 1) covered stent and Amplatzer plug (n = 1) Amplatzer plug (n = 1) |
| Gaudon C, [8] | 2016 | retrospective study | 42 (27/15) | 61.8 (range 19–81) | subgroup of anatomical variation:37.5% subgroup of modal anatomy:82.8% | 85% (29/34) | NA | subgroup of anatomical variation:36.4% subgroup of modal anatomy:6.5% | 12% liver abscess or liverischemia. (n = 5) | Covered stent (n = 16) Selective coil embolization of gastroduodenal artery (n = 4) Common hepatic artery embolization (n = 5) |
| Ching, KC, [21] |
2016 | retrospective study | 28 (23/5) | 65.1 (range,40–86). | 97.4% (37/38) | 73.7% (28/38) | 26.3% (10/38) | 7.1% (2/28) | NA | covered stents (n = 25) coils Embolization (n = 9) covered stent-assisted coil embolization (n = 2) balloon angioplasty(n = 1). |
| Huo Y, [3] | 2015 | retrospective study | 21 (17/4) | 63.5 (range 36–80) | 100%(18/18) | 77.8% (14/18) | 22.2% (4/18) | 22.2% (4/18) | 50% (9/18) re-bleeding (n = 4) liver damage (n = 3) liver abscess (n = 2) |
transcatheter arterial embolization (n = 10) covered stent placement (n = 8) laparotomy (n = 3) |
| Adam G, [22] | 2014 | retrospective study | 16 (12/4) | 58.0 (range 39–79) | 100% | 100% | 6.3% (1/16) | 18.7% (3/16) | NA | pushable coil (n = 13) pushable coil +NBCA (n = 2) covered stent (n = 1) |
| Stampfl U, [23] | 2012 | retrospective study | 25 (19/6) | 59 (range 29–73) | 83% (19/23) | 78.3% (18/23) | 16% (3/19) | 20% | NA | Coil embolization alone (n = 7) liquid embolization alone (n = 2) combination of coil and liquid embolization (n = 11) stent and coils (n = 1) |
| Hur S, [24] | 2011 | retrospective study | 16 (13/3) | 73 (range, 64–88) | 100% | NA | 18.8% (3/16) | 31.3% (5/16) Multiple organ failure (n = 2) subsegmental liver infarction (n = 1) multisegmental liver infarction (n = 2,) |
Trapping HA (n = 13) Embolization of GDA (n = 3) | |
| Zhang J, [25] | 2011 | retrospective study | 14 (10/4) | 58.9 (range, 25–73) | 100% | 85.70% | NA | 28.6% (4/14) | NA | coils Embolization (n = 14) |
The number of patients per study, mean patient age, number of patients who underwent endoscopy before embolization, proportion of the patients who were found to have active extravasation on initial angiography, and technical success rate of embolization are presented.
NA not available.