Table 1. Characteristics of included studies in this meta-analysis.
| Randomized trials | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Report year | Trial Name | Study Design | Study Location | Mean Duration of exposure |
Statins type (dose) | Treatment (NMSC cases/participants) |
Control (NMSC cases /participants) |
Age## | Men | White |
| 1994 | 4S | RCT | 5 European countries# | 5.4 years | S (20–40 mg/day) | 13/2221 | 6/2223 | 35–70 | 0.81 | NR |
| 2000 | GISSI | RCT | Italy | 2 years | P (20 mg /day) | 1/2138 | 1/2133 | C: 60.0 ± 10.4, T: 59.7 ± 10.4 |
0.86 | NR |
| 2001 | AFCAPS /TexCAPS |
RCT | USA | 5.2 years | L (20–40 mg/day) | 250/3304 | 243/3301 | 45–73 | 0.85 | NR |
| 2005 | HPS | RCT | UK | 5.3 years | S (40 mg/day) | 243/10269 | 202/10267 | 64.0 ± 8.4 | 0.75 | NR |
| 2006 | ALERT,FLARE,LCAS,LIPS,LiSA,NDA95 study 1–3 | Pooled analysis of 8 RCTs | Variable | 2.4 years | F (20–80 mg/day) | 103/3512 | 125/3289 | C: 55.8 ± 11.0, T: 55.1 ± 11.3 |
0.72 | 0.96 |
| 2011 | JUPITER | RCT | USA | 2 years | R (20mg/day) | 15/8869 | 5/8864 | 66.1 ± 7.72 | 0.62 | NR |
| 2014 | AURORA | RCT | Europe, America, Asia |
2.4 years | R (10mg/day) | 1/1389 | 3/1378 | 64.2 ± 8.6 | 0.62 | 0.85 |
| Observational study (cohort and nested case-control studies) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Publication year | First Author | Study Design | Study Location (data source) | Follow-up time | Exposure ascertainment | Outcome assessment | Statins type | Sample size | Adjusted RR (any use vs. no use) | Age | Men | White |
| 2016 | Wang | Cohort | USA (WHI OS+CT)* | Mean: 10.5 yrs |
Self-report (medication containers) | Self–report | S,L,P,F,A,C,R | 118,357 | 1.21 (1.07–1.35) | 50–79 | 0 | 1 |
| 2015 | Arnspang | Nest case-control | Denmark (Nationwide registries) |
≥ 1 year∆ | Prescription registry | Cancer Registry | S,L,P,F,A,C,R | 464,288 | BCC: 1.09 (1.06–1.13); SCC: 1.01 (0.91–1.11) | NR | NR | ∼1 |
| 2009 | Haukka | Cohort-record linkage | Finland (Nationwide registries) |
Mean: 8.8 yrs |
Prescription registry | Cancer Registry | S,L,P,F,A,C,R | 944,962 | 1.28 (1.16–1.41) | Median: 60 | 0.5 | NR |
| 2009 | Dore | Cohort-record linkage | USA (VATTC trial)** |
Median: 3.5 yrs |
Pharmacy Benefits Management database | Physical examinations + biopsy | S,L,P,F,A | 608 | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) | 90% >60 |
0.98 | 0.99 |
Note: 1. Full name of trials: 4S: Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study; GISSI: Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico(Italian group for the study of the survival of Myocardial Infarction); AFCAPS/TexCAPS: Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study; HPS: Heart Protection Study; ALERT: Assessment of LEscol in Renal Transplantation; FLARE: FLuvastatin Angiographic REstenosis trial; LCAS: Lipoprotein and Cholesterol Atherosclerosis Study; LIPS: Lescol Intervention Prevention Study; LiSA: Lescol in Severe Atherosclerosis trial; NDA95: new drug application studies; JUPITER: The Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) Trial; AURORA: A Study to Evaluate the Use of Rosuvastatin in Subjects on Regular Hemodialysis: An Assessment of Survival and Cardiovascular Events; 2. Abbreviations of statins: F: Fluvastatin; L: Lovastatin; P: Pravastatin; S: Simvastatin; R: Rosuvastatin; A: Atorvastatin; C: Cerivastatin; 3. NR: not reported; # Five European countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden; ## Age was shown in range or mean ± standard deviation, C: control, T: treatment; * WHI OS+CT: Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) Observational Study (OS) and Clinical Trial (CT); ** VATTC: Veterans Affairs Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention Trial; ∆: Incident NMSC during 2005–2009; Prescription: 1995 to 1 year before diagnosis; ∼: Approximately;