Table 1. Characteristics of the included studies in the meta-analysis investigating the association between C-reactive protein and risk of schizophrenia.
| Study | Year | Country | Subjects | Sex Male/Female | Setting | Meanage (years) | Meanage of onset (years) | Mean BMI | Adjusted variables for controls | Current Smokers (%) | CRP assay type | Comorbidities | Psychiatric drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sarandol et al., | 2007 | Turkey | Chronic SZ Control | 18/22 17/18 | Inpatient and outpatient unit | 34.9 33.5 | NA | 23.7 24.6 | Age, BMI, smoking status | NA | Plasma, high sensitive immunonephrelometry assay | Exclusions: DM and use of anti-inflammatory or, HAS, CVD, infections immunossupressants | Drug-naïve or free |
| Carrizo et al. | 2008 | Venezuela | Chronic SZ Control | 48/40 | Inpatient and outpatient unit | 43.2 54.79 | NA | 27.5 28.6 | No | NA | Serum, high sensitive enzime immunoassay | Exclusions: DM , HAS, CVD, infections and use of anti-inflammatory or immunossupressants | Typical and Atypical antipsychotics |
| Akanji et al., 2009 | 2009 | Kuwait | Chronic SZ Control |
141/62 | Inpatient unit | 141/62 165/0 |
NA | 39.80 39.50 | Age, race, socioeconomic status | NA | Serum, high sensitive Chemiliminescent immunometric assay |
Exclusions: DM, HAS, CVD, infections and use of anti-inflammatory or immunossupressants |
Typical antipsychotics |
| Fernandes-Egea et al., 2009 | 2009 | Spain | SZ in FEP Control | 35/15 35/15 | Populational | 29.4 28.8 | 29 | 22.9 23.9 | Age, gender, BMI,number of cigarettes/day, catchment area | NA | Serum, not high sensitive immuno assay | DM (n = 9). Exclusions: other relevant clinical pathologies | |
| Fawzi et al., 2011 | 2011 | Egypt | Chronic SZ Control | 92/0 200/0 | Outpatient unit | 28.4 28.8 | NA | 27 26.4 | Age, gender, BMI, lifestile | 147 132 | Plasma, high sensitive latex assay | Exclusions: DM , HAS, CVD, infectionsand use of anti-inflammatory orimmunos- supressants |
Drug-naïve or free Drug-naïve |
| Hope et al., 2011 | 2011 | Norway | Chronic SZ Control | 89/64 105/134 | Populational | 36.2 36 | 26 24.4 | Age, BMI, catchment area | 86 NA | Plasma, high sensitive enzime immunoassay | DM (n = 4) and CVD (n = 11). Exclusions:other relevant clinical pathologies | Typical and Atypical antipsychotics | |
| Suvisaari et al., 2011 | 2011 | Finland | Chronic SZ Control | 39/63 39/63 | Populational | 55.7 55.78 | NA | 28.6 26.4 | Age, gender, BMI | 37 27 | Plasma, high sensitive immunotur- bidometric test |
DM (n = 11). Exclusions: other relevant clinical pathologies, infections | Typical and Atypical antipsychotics |
| Hepgul et al. 2012 | 2012 | England | SZ in FEP Control | NA | Inpatient and outpatient unit | 33.5 33.1 | NA | 25.6 25.1 | No | NA | Serum, high sensitive enzime immunoassay | Exclusions: DM , HAS, CVD, infectionsand use of anti-inflammatory or immunossupressants | Drug-free |
| Dickerson et al.,2013 | 2013 | United States | Chronic SZ Control | 177/118 84/144 | Inpatient and outpatient unit | 39 32.2 | 20.3 | 30.3 27.8 | No | 183 36 | Serum, high sensitive enzime immunoassay | DM (n = 17). Exclusions: other relevant clinical pathologies | Typical and Atypical antipsychotics |
| Joshi et al., 2013 | 2013 | India | Chronic SZ Control | 29/16 21/20 | Inpatient and outpatient unit | 38.5 35.8 | 23.90 | 27.3 26.5 | Age, BMI, catchment | NA | Plasma, high sensitive enzime immunoassay | Exclusions: DM , HAS, CVD, infectionsand use of anti-inflammatory or immunossupressants | Typical antipsychotics |
| Kuo et al., 2013 | 2013 | Taiwan | Chronic SZ Control | 19/14 12/18 | Outpatient unit | 37.8 38.8 | 33.90 | 29.5 28.3 | Age, BMI | NA | Plasma, high sensitive latex assay | Exclusions: DM , HAS, CVD, infections and use of anti-inflammatory or immunossupressants | Typical and Atypical antipsychotics |
| Lin et al., 2013 | 2013 | Taiwan | Chronic SZ Control | 16/20 16/20 | Inpatient and outpatient unit | 35.7 37.3 | 23.79 | 24.6 22.9 | Age, gender, BMI, | NA | Serum, high sensitive immunonephrelometry assay | Exclusions: DM , HAS, CVD, infectionsand use of anti-inflammatory or immunossupressants | Atypical antipsychotics |
| Vuksan-Cusa et al., 2013 | 2013 | Croatia | Chronic SZ Control | NA | Inpatient unit | 26.9 24.9 | 15.7 | 26.9 24.9 | Age, gender, BMI, | NA | Plasma, high sensitive immunoturbidometric test | Exclusions: DM , HAS, CVD, infectionsand use of anti-inflammatory or immunossupressants | Atypical antipsychotics |
| Berardis et al., 2014 | 2014 | Italy | SZ in FEP Control | 13/17 13/17 | Inpatient unit | 25.9 25.5 | 24.90 | 22.1 23.5 | Age, gender | NA | Plasma, high sensitive immunonephrelometry assay | Exclusions: DM , HAS, CVD, infections and use of anti-inflammatory or immunossupressants | Drug-naïve |
| Frydecka et al., 2014 | 2014 | Poland | Chronic SZ Control | 69/82 103/91 | Inpatient and outpatient unit | 37.8 39.2 | 25.20 | 27.11 26.9 | Age, gender, BMI | NA | Serum, high sensitive enzime immunoassay | Exclusions: DM, HAS, CVD, infections and use of anti-inflammatory or immunossupressants | NA |
| Klemettila et al., 2014 | 2014 | Finland | Chronic SZ Control | 105/85 403/500 | Inpatient and outpatient unit | 42.9 46 | NA | 29.92 26.5 | No | 101 NA | Plasma, high sensitive enzime immunoassay | Exclusions: DM, HAS, CVD, infectionsand use of anti-inflammatory or immunossupressants | Clozapine |
| Stojanovic et al., 2014 | 2014 | Spain | SZ in FEP Control | 48/29 12/13 | Outpatient unit | 24.3 27.3 | NA | 24.4 21.6 | No | 53 | Plasma, high sensitive immunoturbidometric test | NA | Typical and Atypical antipsychotics |
| Inoshita et al., 2016 | 2016 | Japan | Chronic SZ Control | 241/177 422/943 | Populational | 62.5 62.6 | NA | NA | Age, gender | NA | Serum, high sensitive enzime immunoassay | Exclusions: CRP concentration either below 0.02 mg/dl or above 10 mg/dl | Typical and Atypical antipsychotics |
Abbreviations: BMI, body-mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; DM, Diabetes Mellitus; HAS, hypertension; HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; NA, not available; YMRS, Young Mania rating Scale.