Table 3.
Average ratings at pre- and post-intervention assessment (Time 1 and Time 2).
| Within groups |
Between groups | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yoga group (n = 77) |
Control group (n = 75) |
|
||||||||
| Variable (range of scores) | Time 1 | Time 2 | Average change | pwithin | Time 1 | Time 2 | Average change | pwithin | d | pbetween |
| Perceived stress | ||||||||||
| Perceived Stress Scale—14 Items (PSS-14) | ||||||||||
| PSS-14 total score (0–56) | 25.6 (9.2) | 22.4 (9.0) | −3.8 (8.3) | <0.001 | 27.2 (9.6) | 25.7 (9.3) | −1.7 (9.0) | 0.033 | 0.24 | 0.34 |
| Aggression | ||||||||||
| Prison adjusted measure of aggression (PAMA) | ||||||||||
| Aggression (0–25) | 4.6 (6.8) | 1.8 (3.6) | −2.8 (6.3) | <0.001 | 4.2 (5.6) | 2.8 (4.8) | −1.2 (6.0) | 0.06 | 0.26 | 0.33 |
| Self-directed aggression (0–10) | 0.5 (1.3) | 0.2 (0.6) | −0.4 (1.1) | 0.002 | 0.3 (1.0) | 0.3 (1.4) | −0.0 (1.6) | 0.66 | 0.25 | 0.20 |
| Antisocial behavior (0–20) | 2.4 (4.1) | 1.2 (2.2) | −1.3 (3.9) | 0.008 | 2.0 (3.6) | 2.0 (4.2) | 0.5 (4.1) | 0.80 | 0.45 | 0.046 |
| PAMA total score (0–55) | 7.5 (10.5) | 3.4 (5.9) | −4.2 (9.6) | <0.001 | 6.4 (9.2) | 5.2 (9.4) | −0.0 (9.7) | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.12 |
| Positive and negative affect | ||||||||||
| Positive and negative affect schedule—expanded form 30 items | ||||||||||
| Positive activated (0–50) | 30.4 (8.7) | 31.7 (7.4) | 1.3 (7.6) | 0.18 | 28.6 (8.6) | 30.4 (8.2) | 1.8 (7.7) | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.92 |
| Positive deactivated (0–25) | 13.7 (4.4) | 15.3 (4.1) | 1.7 (4.1) | <0.001 | 13.3 (4.6) | 13.7 (4.4) | 0.5 (4.0) | 0.44 | 0.29 | 0.027 |
| Negative activated (0–50) | 20.8 (7.9) | 17.6 (6.2) | −3.1 (5.6) | <0.001 | 21.2 (8.0) | 20.4 (8.2) | −0.9 (7.4) | 0.23 | 0.33 | 0.041 |
| Negative deactivated (0–25) | 11.8 (3.4) | 10.8 (3.4) | −1.1 (3.9) | 0.020 | 12.7 (4.6) | 12.3 (4.6) | −0.4 (4.1) | 0.66 | 0.18 | 0.13 |
| Attention and impulse control | ||||||||||
| Conners’ Continuous Performance Test IIa | ||||||||||
| Omissions (0–100) | 59.8 (50.1) | 53.8 (28.0) | 0.1 (31.3) | 0.27 | 58.0 (39.1) | 60.2 (30.7) | 1.9 (43.9) | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.09 |
| Commissions (0–100) | 53.7 (10.9) | 48.6 (11.3) | −5.5 (7.3) | <0.001 | 56.1 (11.3) | 56.0 (11.9) | −0.3 (7.2) | 0.40 | 0.72 | <0.001 |
| Hit reaction time (0–100) | 54.4 (9.3) | 57.5 (10.5) | 3.5 (7.4) | 0.001 | 54.6 (11.8) | 54.2 (9.4) | −0.3 (7.0) | 0.60 | 0.53 | 0.039 |
| Detectability (0–100) | 51.6 (9.7) | 46.6 (11.2) | −5.5 (7.9) | <0.001 | 53.9 (9.2) | 53.0 (9.6) | −1.0 (7.7) | 0.11 | 0.57 | 0.004 |
| Sleep disturbance | ||||||||||
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) | ||||||||||
| Use of sleeping medication (0–3) | 1.0 (1.4) | 0.9 (1.4) | −0.1 (0.9) | 0.51 | 1.0 (1.4) | 1.0 (1.4) | −0.1 (1.1) | 0.44 | 0.03 | 0.94 |
| PSQI global score (0–21) | 9.7 (4.6) | 8.1 (3.9) | −1.5 (3.1) | 0.002 | 10.6 (5.1) | 10.0 (4.8) | −0.5 (3.6) | 0.54 | 0.31 | 0.06 |
| Psychological distress | ||||||||||
| Brief Symptom Inventory | ||||||||||
| Global Severity Index (0–4) | 0.8 (0.5) | 0.6 (0.6) | −0.3 (0.5) | <0.001 | 1.0 (0.7) | 0.8 (0.7) | −0.2 (0.4) | <0.001 | 0.18 | 0.17 |
p-Values indicate statistically significant differences within (pwithin) and between (pbetween) groups.
Cohen’s d describes the size of differences between groups.
aStandardized T-scores.