Table 7.

Common useful and limited properties for quantitative techniques used for GMO diagnostics.

Technologies	Advantages	Limitations	Reference
rtPCR	Faster, highly specific, allow multiplexing and permit quantification	One marker per reaction	Broeders et al., 2012; Navarro et al., 2015
CGE	Specificity, sensitivity, multiplexing and quantification a, higher resolution power to clearly detect PCR products from a multiplex assay	Extensive labor for primer design and optimization, specialized apparatus is required	Heide et al., 2008b; Milavec et al., 2014; Vega and Marina, 2014; Fraiture et al., 2015
LAMP	Required simple devices, time-efficiency, ability to withstand different PCR inhibitors	Four primers per sequence	Zhang et al., 2012; Angers-Loustau et al., 2014; Cheng et al., 2014
dPCR	Multiplexing, flexibility, absolute detection of target copy number, accurate estimation of target at low copy number	Relatively expensive	Hindson et al., 2011; Sanders et al., 2011; Milavec et al., 2014
Microarray	Miniaturization, multiplexing, high-throughput screening	Difficulties in prove designing, data processing is laborious	Pla et al., 2012; Randhawa et al., 2016
NGS	No prior sequence information is required, high accuracy, direct sample identification, time-efficiency	Relatively expensive, requires sophisticated devices, data analysis issues	Buermans and Den Dunnen, 2014; Randhawa et al., 2016; Willems et al., 2016

rtPCR, real time PCR; CGE, capillary gel electrophoresis; LAMP, loop mediated isothermal amplification; dPCR, digital PCR; NGS, next generation sequencing.