Table 1. Clinical characteristics of the study groups.
| Characteristics | LADA (N = 48) | T2DM (N = 297) | T1DM (N = 124) | p-value* | p-LADA vs. T2DM | p-LADA vs. T1DM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 62 [53.8;70.2] | 60 [52.0;68.0] | 46 [37.0;53.0] | <0.001 | 0.118 | <0.001 |
| Sex, male | 26 (54.2) | 151 (50.8) | 57 (46.0) | 0.543 | ||
| Education level | <0.001 | 0.181 | 0.012 | |||
| <Primary | 3 (6.3) | 38 (12.8) | 17 (13.7) | |||
| Primary | 24 (50.0) | 169 (56.9) | 31 (25.0) | |||
| Secondary | 18 (37.5) | 69 (23.2) | 54 (43.5) | |||
| Graduate or higher | 3 (6.3) | 21 (7.1) | 22 (17.7) | |||
| Smoking | 0.891 | |||||
| Non-smoker | 24 (50.0) | 139 (47.3) | 57 (46.0) | |||
| Smoker, current | 11 (22.9) | 62 (21.1) | 31 (25.0) | |||
| Smoker, former | 13 (27.1) | 93 (31.6) | 36 (29.0) | |||
| Physical activity | 0.052 | |||||
| Sedentary | 13 (27.1) | 114 (38.4) | 34 (27.4) | |||
| Regular physical activity | 35 (72.9) | 183 (61.6) | 90 (72.6) | |||
| Diabetes duration (years) | 10.7 [6.5;16.7] | 8 [4.0;15.0] | 20.5 [14.0;30.2] | <0.001 | 0.035 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.1 [24.1;30.4] | 30.6 [28.1;34.7] | 24.6 [22.5;27.2] | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Waist (centimeters) | 96.7 ± 15.5 | 106 ± 11.8 | 87.7 ± 12.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 26 (54.2) | 168 (56.6) | 41 (33.1) | <0.001 | 0.878 | 0.027 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 134 [124.0;148.0] | 139 [127.0;150.0] | 127 [113.0;139.0] | <0.001 | 0.220 | 0.017 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73 [69.0;79.0] | 77 [70.0;84.0] | 73 [65.0;78.2] | <0.001 | 0.126 | 0.235 |
| Dyslipidemia | 34 (70.8) | 131 (44.1) | 55 (44.4) | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 11 (22.9) | 148 (49.8) | 50 (40.3) | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.075 |
| Microalbuminuria | 11 (23.4) | 43 (14.5) | 11 (9.1) | 0.051 | ||
| Insulin treatment | 43 (89.6) | 97 (32.7) | 124 (100.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.5 [6.9;8.2] | 7.6 [6.8;8.5] | 7.6 [7.0;8.1] | 0.689 | ||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 176 [155.0;202.0] | 181 [163.0;205.0] | 182 [165.0;202.0] | 0.553 | ||
| HDL-c (mg/dL) | 58.5 [40.8;70.2] | 48 [41.8;59.0] | 63 [53.9;74.0] | <0.001 | 0.040 | 0.011 |
| LDL-c (mg/dL) | 101 [84.0;123.0] | 106 [87.2;128.0] | 102 [89.6;116.0] | 0.391 | ||
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 91.5 [66.8;134.0] | 117 [83.0;167.0] | 65.5 [53.8;81.2] | <0.001 | 0.003 | <0.001 |
Notes.
*
p-value for comparison between groups.
- LADA
- latent autoimmune diabetes of adult
- T2DM
- type 2 diabetes mellitus
- T1DM
- type 1 diabetes mellitus
- BMI
- body mass index
- HbA1c
- glycated haemoglobin
- HDL-c
- high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- LDL-c
- low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Data are median [interquartile], n (%) or means ± SD.