Table 1.

Current Aβ Assembly Therapeutics

Section	Therapy	Mechanism	Example(s)	Clinical Trials
1a	Active immunization	Aβ assembly, phagocytosis (antibody-dependent and independent), peripheral sequestration/elimination of cerebral Aβ, neutralizing antibodies	AN1792 ACC-001 CAD-106 V-950	Phase IIa Phase IIb Phase Ic Phase Id
1b	Passive immunization		Bapineuzumab LY2062430 IVIg RN-1219 R-1450	Phase IIIe Phase IIf Phase IIg Phase Ih Phase Ii
2	Nutraceuticals	Aβ assembly, anti-oxidant	Curcumin Ginkgo biloba	Phase IIj Phase IIIk
3	Peptidic inhibitors	Aβ assembly	β-sheet breakers N-methyl peptides	None
4	Carbohydrate-containing compounds	Aβ assembly	GM1 ganglioside	None
5	Polyamines	Aβ assembly	Quinacrine	None
6	“Drug-like” compounds	Aβ assembly	Alzhemed™ Nicotine	Phase IIIl None
7	Chaperones	Aβ assembly	Hsp20, Hsp27, Hsp70, Hsp90	None
8	Chelation	Aβ assembly, metal sequestration	Clioquinol PBT2	Phase II/IIIm Phase IIn
9	Osmolytes	Aβ assembly	Cyclohexanehexol	None

Trials

^afailed;

^bstopped [20, 21];

^congoing [22];

^dongoing [23];

^eongoing [24–27];

^fongoing [28];

^gongoing [35];

^hongoing;

ⁱongoing [36];

^jongoing [65];

^kongoing [77];

^lfailed [155];

^mtemporarily halted due to impurities in the formulation [189];

ⁿongoing [191, 192].