Graphical Abstract.

Advances in the study of mammalian neural development identifying heparan sulfate proteoglycans as key regulators that may be exploited to improve stem cell replacement therapy. Panel 1. Most of our current knowledge of human neural development is derived from studies in rodents. Panel 2. HSPGs, particularly membrane-bound syndecans and glypicans, are major regulators of neurogenesis. Panel 3. Exploiting the role of HSPGs in mediating stem cell fate through use of biomimetics, growth factor-receptor relationships and signaling pathways, we can develop tailored high yields of lineage specific neural cells. Panel 4. This strategy provides promise for the treatment and repair of neurological disorders. Rat image obtained from: http://www.transposagenbio.com/hubfs/products/tpb-ProductImage-Rat-02.png?t=1487023367000; human image obtained from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_body_silhouette.svg.