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. 2017 Oct 16;11:27. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00027

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Copyright © 2017 Kramer, Strand, Stinson, Bellinger, Kinchington, Yee, Umorin and Peng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Experiment 1, the affective pain increased after injection of varicella zoster virus (VZV) into the trigeminal ganglion. (A) shows a hematoxylin eosin stained coronal section of the trigeminal ganglion after stereotaxic injection of India ink (black). The needle injection site is marked by a dotted line. Bar = 1 mm. In (B) a gross dissection of a rat head is shown with the trigeminal ganglion exposed after bilateral stereotaxic injection with India ink (arrows point to the black India ink spots). V1, V2 and V3 refer to the different branches of the trigeminal ganglion. Place escape avoidance paradigm (PEAP) behavioral measurements were completed weekly, (C) is 1 week after VZV was injected into the trigeminal ganglion and (D) is the second week after VZV was injected into the trigeminal ganglion. Asterisk indicates a significant difference of p < 0.05. The values are the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). There were 11 animals in the control group and 17 animals in the VZV treatment group.