Table 2.
Clinical implications of redox enzymes.
| Protein | Reactive species | Pathology | Levels/role | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Myeloperoxidase | Production of hypochlorous and hypobromous acid | Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease | Beneficial | [172, 258] |
| Arteriosclerotic plaques | Increased | [259] | ||
| Breast cancer and chemotherapy | Activity increased/beneficial | [177] | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | Increased (plasma) | [165] | ||
| Chronic lung infection in preterm infants | Increased (tracheal aspirates) | [170] | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | Increased (plasma, synovial fluid) | [168] | ||
| Lactoperoxidase | Production of hypothiocyanate | Chronic peridontitis | Oral LPO administration had no effect on disease | [179] |
| Peridontitis in diabetes mellitus type I | Activity increased (saliva) | [180] | ||
| Recurrent aphtous stomatitis | Decreased (saliva) | [183] | ||
| Smoking | Activity decreased (saliva) | [187] | ||
| NADPH oxidase | Production of superoxide and secondary hydrogen peroxide | Acute myocardial infarct | Increased (heart tissue), activity increased (heart tissue), increased (saphenous vein) | [192–194] |
| Cardiovascular disease | Increased (serum)/detrimental | [202] | ||
| Chronic granulomatous disease | Activity decreased (peripheral blood neutrophils)/detrimental | [189] | ||
| Diabetes nephropathy | Increased/phase II trial completed | [199] | ||
| Melanoma | Similar (melanoma tissue)/no correlation with invasiveness | [201] | ||
| Retinopathy | Increased/detrimental | [260] | ||
| Nitric oxide synthase | Production of nitric oxide | Asthma | Inhibition detrimental/inhibition beneficial/inhibition had no effect | [224–226] |
| Breast cancer | Increased/none | [234] | ||
| Head and neck cancer | Increased/detrimental (in respective cancer tissue) | [235] | ||
| Heart disease and rejected transplants | Increased (heart tissue) | [228–232] | ||
| Melanoma | Increased/detrimental | [233] | ||
| Migraine | Inhibition beneficial/inhibition had no effect | [220–222] | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | Increased/inhibition beneficial | [227] | ||
| Sepsis | Inhibition detrimental/beneficial/no effect (serum) | [213–217] | ||
| Peroxiredoxins | Decomposition of H2O2, redox signaling | Alzheimer's disease | Prx1/Prx2 increased (brain tissue), Prx2 activity decreased (blood), Prx3 decreased (brain tissue) | [241–243, 248] |
| Cataracts | Prx6 decreased (eye tissue) | [250] | ||
| Diabetes mellitus type II | Prx4 increased (serum) | [252] | ||
| Diabetic retinopathy | Prx1 increased (vitreous biopsy) | [251] | ||
| Glaucoma | Prx6 increased (eye tissue) | [249] | ||
| Lung cancer | Prx1 increased, Prx3 increased (cancer tissue) | [254, 255] | ||
| Parkinson's disease | Prx2 increased | [244] |