Table 1.
Specific dynamics of stress systems biology associated with abiotic stress signaling.
| Molecular processes | Sensing activities | Signaling factors and Receptors | Accessory proteins | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Signaling pathways | Fluctuation in turgor of stomatal guard cells as well as alteration in the levels of cellular K+, ABA and pH | PYLs, RCARs, PYR1 (regulatory components of ABA receptors) | MAPK, CIPK | Pizzio et al., 2013; Kosová et al., 2014 |
| Genetic expression and regulation | Rise in the concentration of enzymes responsible for JA biosynthesis Enhanced production of salicylic acid | ABF, AREB, NAC, CBF CBF4, MYB, NAM, MYC, DREB1, REB2 (transcription factors) | (ROS) scavenging enzymes, PR proteins, 12-oxophytodienoate reductase | Alvarez et al., 2014; Kosová et al., 2014, 2015 |
| Protein metabolism | Alterations in complete translational machinery along with protein biosynthesis | Elongation factor eEF-1α | E1 to E3 components ubiquitin ligase complex | Ghabooli et al., 2013; Kosová et al., 2015 |
| Amino acid metabolism | Increased S-adenosylmethione, Phenylalanine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), proline, tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine | Methylation of monolignols | SAMS, PAL. | Bowne et al., 2012; Faghani et al., 2015; Shankar et al., 2016 |
| Hormone metabolism | Upregulation of abiotic-stress-associated hormones such as JA, ABA, and SA | GA2OX1 (involved in gibberellin signaling), GID1L2 (gibberellin receptor involved in gibberellin signaling) | DELLA proteins, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid-dioxygenase | Krugman et al., 2011; Kosová et al., 2015; Shankar et al., 2016 |
| Energy metabolism | Rise and fall in the levels of various proteins related to respiration, ATP-biosynthesis, and respiration | RubisCO LSU, PSI Fe-S, PSII LHC protein, and SSU (photosynthesis related transcripts) | PGK, PRK, RubisCO activase, pyruvate kinase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase. | Kosová et al., 2015; Vítámvás et al., 2015 |
| Stress-responsive proteins | Increased deposition of hydrophilic proteins and osmolytes with chaperone functions | GABA and polyamines, dehydrin protein DHN5 | HSP70, HSP90, HSP100, PDI, P5CS | Vítámvás et al., 2015; Bevan et al., 2017 |
| Cellular transport | Variation in protein ingredients determining both membrane and cytoplasmic transport | Actin, Annexins | Zhang et al., 2014; Vítámvás et al., 2015 | |
| Metabolic activities monitoring the cell wall | Disruption in the metabolism of lignin and polyglucan, which is associated with reduced cell wall extensibility | Extensin, ABA, glycine-rich protein, and germin | XET, PAL, COMT, caffeoyl-CoA, | Krugman et al., 2011; Alvarez et al., 2014; Shankar et al., 2016 |
| Recovery after stress | Transcripts of many drought-associated genes such as sugar transporters and protein kinases show downregulation | Cytochrome P450, COR410 SDi-6, HCF136, tubulin α-2, and OEE2 | Polyubiquitin, peroxidases, P5CS, HSP60, and CCOMT | Ford et al., 2011; Hao et al., 2015 |
| Mechanisms during grain-filling phase | Chlorophyll degradation in spike organs indicates a reduced oxidative owing to decreased rates of photosynthesis | Chlorophyllase, pheophorbide a oxygenase | Shankar et al., 2016; Vu et al., 2017 |
Abbreviations for accessory proteins XET, 1,4-β-endo-transglycosylase; PAL, phenylalanine ammonia lyase; COMT, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase; P5CS, pyrroline-5-carboxylase synthase; PGK, phosphoglycerokinase; PRK, phosphoribulokinase; SAMS, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase; MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase; CIPK, CBL-interacting protein kinase; HSP, heat shock proteins; CCOMT, Caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; DHN5, Wheat dehydrin protein.