Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to race- and sex-specific quartiles of percent-predicted FVC in ARIC Study (1987–2012)
| Variable | Total | Quartile of percent-predicted FVCa | Pb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q4 (highest) | Q3 | Q2 | Q1 (lowest) | |||
| No. of Participants | 14,946 | 3,736 | 3,737 | 3,737 | 3,736 | |
| Lung function | ||||||
| FVC, % of predicted | ||||||
| White men | 98.7±14.1 | 116.0±6.7 | 103.3±2.6 | 94.7±2.5 | 80.7±8.6 | |
| White women | 104.4±15.0 | 122.6±6.9 | 109.4±2.7 | 100.3±2.9 | 85.1±9.3 | |
| Black men | 94.7±15.0 | 113.5±7.9 | 99.1±2.6 | 90.2±2.6 | 75.9±9.1 | |
| Black women | 99.8±16.4 | 120.3±9.7 | 104.7±3.1 | 94.9±2.9 | 79.2±8.6 | |
| FEV1, % of predicted | ||||||
| White men | 90.3±17.1 | 106.5±10.8 | 95.6±9.4 | 87.7±35.7 | 71.5±12.7 | <0.001 |
| White women | 96.7±16.7 | 113.2±9.9 | 102.3±7.7 | 93.9±8.2 | 77.3±14.1 | <0.001 |
| Black men | 89.3±17.2 | 106.6±11.2 | 94.1±8.9 | 85.9±34.6 | 70.7±14.8 | <0.001 |
| Black women | 95.2±17.0 | 112.7±11.4 | 100.8±7.8 | 91.5±9.0 | 75.9±12.5 | <0.001 |
| FEV1/FVC, % | ||||||
| White men | 72.5±8.6 | 73.0±6.5 | 73.5±7.1 | 73.5±7.9 | 69.8±11.3 | <0.001 |
| White women | 74.8±7.1 | 74.8±5.5 | 75.7±5.6 | 75.7±6.3 | 72.9±9.9 | <0.001 |
| Black men | 75.0±8.8 | 74.9±6.9 | 75.6±7.2 | 75.7±7.8 | 73.7±12.1 | 0.009 |
| Black women | 77.3±7.7 | 76.1±7.0 | 78.0±5.8 | 77.9±7.4 | 77.3±10.0 | <0.001 |
| Self-reported diagnosis of bronchitis | 1,262 (8.4) | 204 (5.5) | 242 (6.5) | 327 (8.8) | 489 (13.1) | <0.001 |
| Self-reported diagnosis of emphysema | 253 (1.7) | 30 (0.8) | 26 (0.7) | 48 (1.3) | 149 (4.0) | <0.001 |
| Self-reported diagnosis of asthma | 882 (5.9) | 164 (4.4) | 161 (4.3) | 210 (5.6) | 347 (9.3) | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 54.2±5.8 | 53.6±5.7 | 53.8±5.7 | 54.2±5.7 | 55.1±5.7 | <0.001 |
| African American | 3,763 (25.2) | 940 (25.2) | 942 (25.2) | 940 (25.2) | 941 (25.2) | |
| Male sex | 6,724 (45.0) | 1,681 (45.0) | 1,681 (45.0) | 1,681 (45.0) | 1,681 (45.0) | |
| Educational level completed | <0.001 | |||||
| <12 y | 3,451 (23.1) | 688 (18.4) | 795 (21.3) | 848 (22.7) | 1,120 (30.0) | |
| 12–16 y | 6,152 (41.2) | 1,534 (41.1) | 1,540 (41.2) | 1,566 (41.9) | 1,512 (40.5) | |
| >16 y | 5,343 (35.8) | 1,514 (40.5) | 1,402 (37.5) | 1,323 (35.4) | 1,104 (29.6) | |
| Height (cm) | 168.5±9.3 | 168.4±9.7 | 168.5±9.4 | 168.7±9.1 | 168.4±9.0 | 0.5 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.7±5.3 | 26.7±4.5 | 27.3±5.0 | 27.9±5.5 | 28.8±6.1 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 121.0±18.4 | 118.3±17.1 | 120.0±17.6 | 121.4±18.9 | 124.2±19.6 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 73.6±11.1 | 73.0±10.7 | 73.7±10.6 | 73.7±11.4 | 73.8±11.7 | 0.01 |
| Antihypertensive use | 4,535 (30.3) | 807 (21.6) | 1,043 (27.9) | 1,194 (32.0) | 1,491 (39.9) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | |||||
| Current | 3,838 (25.7) | 681 (18.2) | 814 (21.8) | 956 (25.6) | 1,387 (37.1) | |
| Former | 4,792 (32.1) | 1,258 (33.7) | 1,226 (32.8) | 1,185 (31.7) | 1,123 (30.1) | |
| Never | 6,316 (42.3) | 1,797 (48.1) | 1,697 (45.4) | 1,596 (42.7) | 1,226 (32.8) | |
| Cigarette-yearsc | 481 [216–780] | 340 [147–620] | 420 [180–700] | 500 [230–780] | 630 [344–900] | <0.001 |
| Current drinker | 8,409 (56.3) | 2,231 (59.7) | 2,148 (57.5) | 2,095 (56.1) | 1,935 (51.8) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1,738 (11.6) | 234 (6.3) | 360 (9.6) | 457 (12.2) | 687 (18.4) | <0.001 |
| Prevalent CVDd | 1,475 (9.9) | 189 (5.1) | 286 (7.7) | 366 (9.8) | 634 (17.0) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 215.0±41.9 | 213.2±41.4 | 215.2±41.6 | 215.7±41.7 | 216.0±42.9 | 0.02 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 51.6±17.1 | 54.5±17.4 | 52.3±16.9 | 50.7±16.9 | 48.8±16.5 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 102.4±15.3 | 102.6±14.4 | 102.7±14.9 | 102.3±15.6 | 102.1±16.3 | 0.3 |
| eGFR category | <0.001 | |||||
| <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 168 (1.1) | 31 (0.8) | 31 (0.8) | 45 (1.2) | 61 (1.6) | |
| 60 – <90 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 2,288 (15.3) | 546 (14.6) | 554 (14.8) | 580 (15.5) | 608 (16.3) | |
| ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 12,490 (83.6) | 3,159 (84.6) | 3,152 (84.4) | 3,112 (83.3) | 3,067 (82.1) | |
| Markers of inflammation | ||||||
| WBC count (1,000/mm3) | 6.1±2.0 | 5.7±1.7 | 6.0±2.2 | 6.1±1.9 | 6.7±2.1 | <0.001 |
| Plasma fibrinogen level (mg/L) | 303.0±64.9 | 289.7±57.8 | 296.4±59.3 | 305.5±65.7 | 320.3±71.8 | <0.001 |
| Serum albumin level (g/dL) | 3.9±0.3 | 3.9±0.3 | 3.9±0.3 | 3.9±0.3 | 3.8±0.3 | <0.001 |
Note: Values for categorical variables are given as number (percentage); values for continuous variables, as mean ± standard deviation or median [interquartile range]. Conversion factor for cholesterol in mg/dL to mmol/L, ×0.02586.
The thresholds of quartiles (%) are as follows: white men, 90.1, 98.9, and 108.0; white women, 95.1, 105.0, and 114.4; black men, 85.3, 94.9, and 103.8; and black women, 89.1, 99.5, and 110.1.
ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables and chi-squared test for categorical variables.
Cigarette-years of smoking in ever-smokers only.
Includes coronary heart disease, stroke, and heart failure.
Abbreviations: ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second of expiration; FVC, forced vital capacity; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; Q, quartile; WBC, white blood cell